■WITH SINCERE REGAKD,

TO

ROBERT DONALDSON, ESQ.,

OF BLITHEWOOD, ON THE HTIDSON.

Arbtter Slegarutanm.

846018

PREFACE

TO THE NEAV EDITION.

In revising this work of Mr. Dowiiiiig-'s, and preparing it for
its Fifth edition, it has heeu found necessary to malve some changes
both in the Arcliitectural and Ilorticultural de})ai-tment3 in order
to bring the woric furward to tlie requirements of tlie present day.

In the Architectural department these changes have l)een chielly
with regard to the estimates of the cost of tlie several designs—
the prices of labor and materials being now double, and in some
cases more than double, what they were twenty yeai-s ago, making
it necessary to give new estimates based upon the prices of to-day —
aud these alterations have been made by means of notes placed
in brackets where, they were found necessary, so that Mr.
Downing's original matter has been preserved just as he wrote it.

It will be interesting to' comjiare the new estimates with the old,
aud note the difference between what it costs to liuild a house now
and what it cost then ; though it is but fair to say that the greater
piroportion of the increase has come about since the war, and in
consequence of it. Whether, after our country shall have fully
recovered from the evils thereby occasioned, we shall again return
to anything like the former prices, is a question very difficult
to determine ; the probabilities are, howevei', that building will
never be a great deal cheaper than now, — at least ne\er again so
cheap as it was before the year 1861.

With regard to the Ilorticultural department of the book, the
necessary changes in the lists of flowers, and fruits, and shrubs, and
trees were so great that it was found impossible to follow the plan
of adding notes, because so many of the varieties recommended
in the former editions have become obsolete, or rather have been
superseded by the great variety of newer ones which have come

VI PKK1''ACE.

np and taken their place in tlie popular favor ; — accordingly, in
most instances it has been necessary to completely rewrite those
lists. They were furnished for this edition, very carefully classi-
fied, by Mr. II. \V". Sargent and Mr. Charles Downing.

Mr. Sargent has added some very interesting suggestions con-
cerning Terrace Gardens, •which follow ]\Ir. Downing's chapter
on gardens at page 243, and are ilhistrated by pictures of his
own beautiful one at Wodenethc, in Flshkill Landing, and by a
plan of the new and very promising one of Judge Monell, in the
same ueigliborhood.

^[r. Hatfield has contributed a pretty design for a river cottage
(see page 313). Messrs. Vaux and Withers were the designers of
Judge Monell's cottage, illustrated on page 200, and Mr. Arthur
Gihnan has given us the plans and views of liis own house recently
erected on Staten Island.

The rest of the designs were all made by the editor ; and all
will, he thinks, give a fair idea of the styles and plans for cottages
that are acceptable at the present day.

It is hoped that the design for a small Kural Church may not be
thought out of place even in a book purporting to be devoted to
cottages.

G. E. n.

JVewiurgh, January, 1S73.

PREFACE

A HEAUTT desire to contribute something to the improvement of
the domestic architecture and the iniral taste of our country, has
been the motive which has influenced me in preparing this little
volume. With us, almost every man either builds, or looks for-
ward to building, a home for himself, at some period of his life ; it
may be only a log-hut, or a most rustic cottage, but perhaps also a
villa, or a mansion. As yet, however, our houses are mostly either
of the plainest and most meagre description, or, if of a more
ambitious, they are frequently' of a more objectionable character —
shingle palaces, of very questionable convenience, and not in the
least adapted by their domestic and rural beauty to harmonize
with our lovely natural landscapes.

Ifow I am desirous that every one who lives in the comitry, and
in a country-house, should be in some degree conversant with
domestic architecture, not only because it will be likely to improve
the comfort of his own house, and hence all the houses in the
country, but that it will enlarge his miud, and give him new
som'ces of enjoyment.

It is not my especial object at this moment to dwell upon the
superior convenience wliich may be realized in our houses, by a
more familiar acquaintance with architecture. The advantages of
an ingeniously arranged and nicely adapted plan, over one care-
lessly and ill-contrived, are so obvious to every one, that they are
self-evident. This is the ground-woi-k of domestic architecture,
the great importance of which is recognized by all mankind, and
some ingenuity and familiarity with practical details are only
necessary to give us compact, couvenicnt, and comfortable houses,

i

Vlll PHEl'ACE.

with the same means and in the same space as the most awkward
and nnpleasing forms.

Bnt I am still more anxions to inspire in the minds of my readers
and countrymen livelier perceptions of the beaijtifdl, in everything
tiiat relates to our houses and grounds. I wish to awaken a quicker
sense of the grace, the elegance, or the i:)icturesqueuess of fine
forms that are capable of being produced in these by Hural Arclii-
tecture and Landscape Gardening — a sense which will uot only
refine and elevate the mind, but open to it new and infinite
resources of delight. There are perhaps a few upon whose souls
nearly all emanations of beauty fall impressionless ; but there are
also many who see the Beautiful, in nature and art, only feebly
and dimly, either from the want of proper media through which to
view her, or a little direction as to where she is to be found. How
many, too, are there, who even discover the Beautiful in a pic-
ture or a, statue, who yet fail to admire her, rounding with lines
of grace, and touching with shades of harmon}- all common nature,
and pervading silently all material forms ! " Men," says Goethe,
" are so inclined to content themselves with what is commonest, so
easily do the spirit and the sense grow dead to the impression of
the Beautiful and the Perfect, that every person should strive to
nourish in his mind the faculty of feeling these things, by every-
thing in his power, for no man can bear to be wholly deprived of
such enjoyment ; it is only because they are not used to taste of
what is excellent, that the generality of people take delight in silly
and insipid things, provided they be new. For this reason, every
day one ought to see a fine picture, read a good poem, hear a little
song, and, if it were possible, to speak a few reasonable words."

It is in this regard that I wish to inspire all persons with a love
of beautiful forms, and a desire to assemble them around their
daily walks of life. I wish them to appreciate how superior is the
charm of that home where we discover the tasteful cottage or villa,
and the well designed and neatly kept garden or grounds, full of
beauty and harmony, — not the less beautiful and harmonious,
because simple and limited ; and to become aware that these
superior forms, and the higher and more refined enjoyment
derived from them, mav be had at the sanje cost and with the

PEEFACE. IX

same labor as a clumsy dwelling, and its imcoiith and ill-designed
accessories.

More than all, I desire to see these sentiments cherished for
their pure moral tendency. " All beauty is an outward expression
of inward good," and so closely are the Beautiful and the True
allied, that we shall tiud, if we become sincere lovers of the grace,
the harmony, and the loveliness with which rural homes and rural
life are capable of being invested, that we are silently opening our
hearts to an influence which is higher and deeper than the mere
symbol; and that if we thus worship in the true spirit, we shall
attain a nearer view of the Great Master, whose words, in all his
material universe, are written in lines of Beauty.

And how much happiness, how much pure pleasure, that
strengthens and invigorates our best and holiest aifeetions, is there
not experienced in bestowing upon our homes something of grace
and loveliness — in making the place dearest to our hearts a sunny
spot, where the social sympathies take shelter securely under the
shadowy eaves, or grow and entwine trustfully -with the tall trees
or wreathed \'ines that cluster around, as if striving to shut out
whatever of bitterness or strife may be found in the open high-
ways of the world. What an unfailing barrier against vice, im-
morality, and bad habits, are those tastes which lead us to embel-
lish a home, to which at all times and in all places we turn with
delight, as being the object and the scene of our fondest cares,
labors, and enjoyments ; whose humble roof, whose shady porch,
whose verdant lawn and smiling flowers, all breathe forth to us, in
true, earnest tones, a domestic feeling that at once purifies the
heart, and binds us more closelj' to our fellow-beings !

In this volume, the first yet published in this country devoted to
Eural Architecture, I am conscious of oifering but a slight and
imperfect contribution to this important subject, which I trust will
be the precursor of more varied and complete works from others,
adapted to our peculiar wants and climate. The very great
interest now beginning to manifest itself in rural improvements of
every kind, leads us to believe and to hope, that at no distant day
our country residences may rival the " cottage homes of England,"
so universally and so justly admired.

■At

X PREFACE.

The relation between a country house and its " surroundings "
has led me to consider, under the term residences, both the archi-
tectural and the gardening designs. To constitute an agreeable
whole, these should indeed have a harmonious correspondence, one
with the other; and although most of the following designs have
not actually been carried into execution, yet it is believed that they
will, either entirely or in part, be found adapted to many cases of
overy-day occurrence, or at least furnish hints for variations suit-
able for peculiar circumstances and situations.

A. J. D.

NeicMr^h, N. T., June, 1843.

CONTENTS,

ARCmTECTTTRAL StTGGESTIONS.

Leading principles of domestic architecture, and their importance, p. 1 . The
principle of XTtility or Fitness, p. 3. Value of a convenient arrangement, p. 3.
Different wants in a cottage, p. 3. Labor-saving fixtures, p. 5. The mode of
constmction, and materials most suitable, p. 7. Fitness in furniture, p. 10. The
principle of Propriety, or Expression of Purpose, p. 10. Features most character-
istic of expression, p. 11. The color of the exterior of cottages, p. 13. Architec-
txire as an art of taste and imagination, p. 15. Beauty of form. The principle of
Unity, p. 16. Of Uniformity and Symmetry, p. 17. Of Harmony and Variety,
p. 20. Different styles in architecture, p. 20. Relation of domestic architecture,
p. 20. The most suitable styles for this country, p. 23. The sentiment of archi-
tecture, p. 21.

DESIGN L

A SUBURBAN COTTAGE

Description of the plan of the house, and its intem.al arrangements, p. 2fi.
Remarks on its externa! effect, p. 29. Details of constniction, p. 30. Chimneys
should be placed in the inner waUs, p. 31. Estimate, p. 31. Laying out the garden,
IJ. 33. List of creepers for a trellis, p. 33. Choice fruits for the kitchen garden,
p. 33. Training them to a trellis, p. 34. The ornamental portion, p. 35. Sweet-
scented shrubs to be planted near the windows, p. 35. Border flowers, p. 37.
Care necessary to keep the whole in order, p. 38.

DESIGN IL

A COTTAGE IN THE ENGLISn, OR RURAL GOTHIC STYLE.

Object in view in arranging the interior, p. 40. Explanation of the plans, p. 41.
Beauty of this style of cottage, p. 42. Introduction of the veranda, p. 43. The
chimney-tops, p. 43. Construction and details, p. 44. Estimate, p. 4(). Laying
out the garden, p. 46. Trees to be introduced ; disposing the kitchen -garden, p. 47.

Sii CONTENTa

DESIGN III.

A COTTAGE IN THE POINTED, OR TDDOB STYLE.

The situation, p. 50. Size of the cottage .suited to the generality of wants iu
this country, p. 50. Arrangement of the iiriiicipal floor, p. 50. Of the second floor,
p. 5-1. Of the basement, p. 55. Degiee of decoration to be employed, p. 5(i. The
])roper materials, p. 57. Introduction of Shutters, p. 57. Finish of the interior,
p. 58. Details of the exterior, p. 59. The dumb waiter described, p. 61. Esti-
mate, p. 62. Arrangement of the grounds, p. C3. Sunk fence, or lia-lia, p. 05.
Trees most in keeping with the place, 66. Preparation of the soil for planting
trees, p. 67. AiTangement of trees in the natural style of landscaiic gardening,
and what constitutes the art, p. 08. Flower beds, p. 69. List of tlie iinesl hardy
ornamental trees of foreign and native growth, suitable for planting in groups and
masses, j). 70. Selection of very choice fruits for the small orchard of 74 trees, 78.

DESIGN IV.

AN ORNAMENTAL FARM-HOUSE.

Aim iu this design, p. 79. Reasons why a farmer's house should be tasteful,
p. 80. Description of the iirst floor plan, p. 81. Of the second floor, p. 81.
Why the Rural Gothic stvle is adopted, p. 83. The material considered, p. 83.
Details of construction and the estimate, p. 83. The Ferme Omee, or ornamental
portion of the farm, p. 84. Trees to be employed for ornament, p. 85. The intro-
duction of hedges, and the best plants for this purpose, p. 86. Rendering fences
ornamental by creepers, p. 87. Harmonizing the adjacent portions of the fai-m ;
list of apples for the orchard, p. 87.

DESIGN V.

A COTTAGE VILLA IN THE BRACKETED MODE.

Bold character of this mode of building: Its adaptation to this countiy and to
the South, p. 89. The plan of the principal floor, p. 90. Superior effect of one
lai-ge apartment for the drawing-room, p. 91. The second floor, and the basement
arrangement, p. 93. Variation of this design as constructed in wood, p. 93.
Details ; the chimney and porch, p. 94. The brackets and siding, p. 05. Construc-
tion of the water-closet, p. 00. Estimate, p. 97. Laying out the ground, see Design
v.* The ornamental portions, the kitchen and fruit gardens, p. 99. Hints for the
detached gi-een-house, p. 99. Treatment of the hill in the rear. Preparation and
treatment necessary to produce a fine la^vn, p. 100. The flower-beds cut in the
turf, and reasons why this is a superior method of arranging them, p. 103. Treat-
ment of the long flower liordors, p. 1 04. List of perennial border flowers, arranged
according to their height and period of blooming, p. 106.

CONTENTS. xiii

DESIGN VI.

AN rRKEGULAR VILLA IN THE ITALIAN STYLE, BKACKETED.

Beauty of irre^ilarity iu buildings, and reasons why an irregular design will be
disliked by some and greatly preferred by others, p. 114. Elegant domestic
features of the Italian style, p. 115. The accommodation of the principal floor of
this design, p. 115. Of the chamber floor, p. 115. Trees iu keeping with the
style, p. IIG. Construction, p. 1 17. Estimate, p. 117. Laying out the grounds, p. 11.":!.
Natural character of the situation, and the way in which it should be treated, p.
119. Advantages of walks made in natural woods, p. 119. The importance of
studying the natural expression of the place, and of making our improvements
harmonize with it, p. 120. The orchard and fruit garden, p. 121. List of the
fiuest varieties of fruit, p. 123. Hints for their cultivation, and for securing them
against insects, p. 120.

DESIGN VII.

AN rRKEGULAK COTTAGE IN TUE OLD ENGLISH STYLE.

Character of the old English cottage, and reasons why it should only be built in
appropriate situations, p. 128. Domestic expression, the characteristic of this
style, p. 128. Examination of the interior, p. 129. Fitting up and furnishing, p.
129. Plan of the chamber story, p. 1.31. Construction and details, p. 132. Care
necessary iu executing a design of this kind, p. 133. Estimate, p. 134. Laying
out the gi-ounds, p. 134. Mode of thinning out a wooded surface, p. 135. Manage-
ment of the walks, p. 136. An irregular flower garden, p. 137. A cottage in the
same style, suitable as a gate lodge to this residence, or for a small family, p. 138.
Beauty of vines and climbing plants on cottages, p. 139.

DESIGN VIII.

A VILLA IN THE ITALIAN STYLE.

Grecian and Italian architecture compared ; characteristic quality of the latter,
p. 140. Situation suitable for this villa. The terrace ; its beauty aud utility ;
union between the house and grounds, p. 141 ; exterior features, p. 142; of the
second floor, p. 143. Comparative cost, and the facility of making additions to
buildings in the Italian style, p. 144. Construction and details, p. 144. Estimate,
p. 146. Arrangement of the grounds, p. 146. The architectural flower garden
described, p. 147. Elegant effect of vases, etc., in connection Avith garden scenery,
p. 148. Pedestals for vases, p. 149. Details of the garden ; construction and
supply of the fountain, p. 150.

DESIGN IX.

COTTAGE IN THE ITALIAN, OR TUSCAN STYLE.

Description of this cottage ; the principal floor, p. 152. The second floor and
basement accommodation, p. 152. Arrangement of the ground, with a view to
combine utility and beauty, p. 154. The orchard and kitchen garden, p. 155.
Attached conservatory, p. 156.

IIV CONTENTS.

DESIGN X.

A YttlyA IN THE GOTniC, OR TOIKTED STYLE.

Character of the exterior, p. 158. Complete interior arrangement, )). 159. The
dining, drawing-room and library, and other apartments of the principal floor, p.
150. The eecond floor and basement accommodation, p. IGO. Estimate, p. 161.
Arrangement of the grounds; treatment of the approach, p. 101. Care and judg-
ment necessary in opening a wooded surface, p. 103.

DESIGN XI.

A COTTAGE FOB A COHNTBY CLEKGTMAN.

Actual wants of a country clergyman, p. 104. Description of the plan suggested,
p. 100. Plan of the second floor, p. 167. Effect of rustic trellis work covered
with vine, p. 167.

DESIGN XII.

A VILLA IN THE ELIZABETIIAH STTLB.

Criticism on the plan, p. 109. Improvements suggested, p. 170. Construction
and estimate, p. 170.

DESIGN XIII.

A SMALL COTTAGE FOR A TOLL-GATE HOUSE.

Best position for a building of this kind with reference to the gate, p. 171.
Plan, construction, and estimate, p. 173. Gate-house of stone in a massive simple
style, p. 173.

DESIGN XIV.

A COTTAGE EST THE BniNE STYLE.

The residence of J. T. Headley, Esq. Style in keeping with the Hudson High-
lands, p. 174. Plan of the principal floor, p. 174 ; of the chamber floor, p. 175 ;
Cost of constniction, p. 175. Plans of the additions made in 1871, p. 177. Plan
of stable with design and description, p. 178.

DESIGN XV.

A CARBIAGE-HOtrSE AND STAELE IN THE BrSTIC POINTED STYLE.

Exterior composition, picturesque and characteristic, p. 180. Arrangement of
the stable, etc., p. 181. Construction and co.st, p. 181.

CONTENTS. XV

NEW DESIGNS FOR COTTAGES, ETC.,

BT THE EDITOB AND OTIIERS.

DESIGN XVL
A Side Hill Cottage. By the Editor. p. 18.i

DESIGN XVIL
A Plain House. By tl^e Editor. p. .180

DESIGN XVIII.
A Gate House. By the Editor p. 188

DESIGN XIX
A Hamblino Cottage wrrn Low Walls. By tfie Editor p. 190

DESIGN XX
A French Roof House. By the Editor p. 194

DESIGN XXI.
A Cottage fou a Village Lot. By the Editor. p. 197

DESIGN XXII.
A Stone Cottage. By the Editor. p. 200

DESIGN XXIIL
An Arcihtect's Kesidence. By Arthur Oilman, Esq p. 203

DESIGN XXIV.
A Picturesque Brick Cottage. By the Editor. p. 207

DESIGN XXV.
The Brick Cottage op Judge Monell. By Vaux and Withers p. 210

DESIGN XXVL
A KiVER Cottage. By li. G. Hatfidd, Esq p. 213

DESIGN XXVIL
A SsLVLL Rural CnuRcn. By the Editor p. 217

DESIGN XXVIII.
Italian Gardens p. 2 13

XVi CONTENTS.

FURTHER HINTS ON THE GARDENS AND GROUNDS OF COTTAGE

RESIDENCES.

Arrangement of the smallest grounds : Two ways of laying out even the smallest
flower garden, p. 221. Flower gardens of beds and walks : Flower gardens sur-
rounded by turf, p. 223. Selection of plants necessary in the latter, p. 223. Ad-
vantages of employing only ever-blooming dwarf plants and China Roses, p. 224.
The soU of flower g.ardens, p. 225. The parterre — different examples, p. 225.
Plan of Baron Ilugel's garden, p. 227. Arrangement of the flowers, p. 229, Geo-
metrical flower garden, p. 229. Elizabethan flower garden, p. 230. Selection of
suitable plants, p. 232. Labyrinth in ancient style, p. 233. Original design for
a flower garden and lawn combined, p. 234. Examples of the mode of laying out
small places in the French style, p. 23G. Plan for the grounds of two small adjoin
ing cottages, p. 237. Landscape garden of an acre in the German style, p. 238.
Example in the English style, p. 239. Original design for the grounds of a suburban
residence, p. 240. Essential elements of the beautiful in laying out all places of
moderate size, p. 241.

Suggestions coNCERNrao Teurace Gardens, by H. W. Sargent, Esq., wira

Illustrations, p. 243.
Herbaceous Gardens, p. 240. By H. W. Sargent, Esq.

ADDENDA.

Remarks on building by contract: Disappointments th.at occur in the cost of
building, p. 251. How to remedy them by careful plans and specifications, p. 253.
Economy and advantage of employing the best architects, p. 253. Architectural
charges, p. 254.

Re.marks by the editor upon professional services of Architects, etc.,
p. 250.

COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

ARCHITECTURAL SUGGESTIONS.

"True Taste is an excellent economist. She confines lier choice to few
objects, and delights to produce great effects by small means; while False
Taste is forever sigliing after the new and rare ; and reminds us, in her works,
of the scholar of Apclles who, not being able to paint his Helen beautiful,
determined to make her fine."

There ai-e certain leading principles connected Avith
architecture which earnestly demand our attention on tlie
very threshold of the subject. In an indefinite manner
they are, perhajis, acknowledged by all intelligent minds,
but they are only distinctly and clearly understood by
those who, ha^dng analyzed the expressions or characters
inherent in various forms and modes of building, have
traced the impressions derived, whether of utility oi-
beauty, to their 2^i"<ipei" origin. When the mind has
arrived at this point, the satisfaction it enjoys in an
admirable work is proportion a1)ly greater; in the same
manner (though in less degree) as the " devout astrono-
mer " enjoj's, with a far more intelligent and fervent
I'apture, his starry gaze, than the ignorant eye that sees
only a myriad of lights hung above to dispel the gloom
of midnight.

As the first object of a dwelling is to afford a shelter
to man, the first principle belonging to architecture
grows out of this primary necessity, and it is called the

2 COTTAGE i:esij)knces.

principle of Fitness or usefulness. After tliis, man
naturally desires to give some distinctive character to liis
own lialiitation, to mark its superiority to those devoted
to animals. This gives rise to the principle of Expres-
sion of Purpose. Finally, the love of the beautiful, inhe-
rent in all liner natures, and its exhibition in certain
acknowledged forms, lias created the priuci])le of the
Expression of Style. In other Avords, all these princijijles
may be regarded as sources of beauty in domestic archi-
tecture; Fitness being the beauty of utility ; Expression
of Purpose, the beauty of propriety ; and Ex[:)ression
of Style, the beauty of form and sentiment, which is the
highest in the scale. We shall say a few words in illus-
tratit)n of oui' ideas on each jiarticular division.

Eitness, or use, is the first princijile to be considered in
all buildings. Those, indeed, who care very little for any
other character in a dwelling, generally pride themselves
upon the amount of convenience they have been able to
realiiie in it ; and nothinsr could l)e in worse taste than to
embellish or decorate a dwellinsr-house which is wantins:
in comfort, since the lieautiful is never satisfactory when
not allied to the true.

In a dwelling-house, our every-day comfort is so entirely
dependent on a convenient arrangement of the rooms, or
])lan of the interior, that this is universally acknowledged
to lie the most important consideration. To have the
principal rooms or apartments situated on the most favor-
able side of the house with i-egard to aspect, in order that
they may be light, Avarm, or airy, and, in resjject to view,
that they may command the finest prospects, are desiderata
in every kind of dwelling. In all climates the stormy
quarters are the worst aspects, and the fair weather
quarters the best ones. Thus, in the Middle States, a

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 3

south-west aspect (all otliei- things being equal) is the
best for the finer rooms, and a north-east the most dis-
agreeable. In hot climates, a north exjiosure may be
agreeable on account of its coolness, bixt in all temperate
latitudes, a southern one is more desirable for the entire
year.

In arranging the different apartments of a cottage or
villa, great variations will naturally arise out of the
pecidiar circumstances, mode of living, or individual wants
of the family by whom it is to be inhabited. Thus, a
small family living a secluded life, or one composed of
infirm persons, would prefer to have their sleeping apart-
ments, their kitchen, and other conveniences, on the same
floor \vith the parlor or living-room, even at the expense
of one or two handsome rooms, for the sake of the greater
convenience in conducting domestic affairs, and the greater
ease and comfort thereby realized. On the other hand, a
family fond of social intercourse, and accustomed to enter-
tain, Avould greatly prefer, in a cottage or villa of moderate
size, to have several handsome apartments, as a drawing-
room, library, dining-room, etc., occupying almost ex-
clusively the principal floor, placing the kitchen and its
oflices in the basement, and the bed-rooms in the second
story. This arrangement would perhaps be less convenient
in a few respects for the family, but it would be more
elegant and more satisfactory for the kind of residence
intended — each department of the house being complete
in itself, and inti'uding itself but little on the attention
of the family or guests when not required to be visible,
Avhich is the ideal of domestic accommodation. A kitchen
on the first floor has the advantage of being more acces-
sible, and more completely under the surveiUance of the
mistress of the house, but, on the other hand, it is open to

4 COrj'AGE RESIDENCES.

the ohjeetion of being occasionally offensive in the matter
of sound, sight, and smells; unless, in the case of large
houses, where these may be excluded by long passages and
doulde doors. Some families have a literary taste, and
to them a libraiy would be an indispensable apartment,
while others, caring less for books, would in the same
space prefer a bed-room. We mention these circumstances
to show in what a relative sense the term fitness, as regards
accommodation, must be used, and how many peculiar cir-
cumstances must be considered before we can pronounce
decidedly upon the merits or demerits of a plan. What
may be entircily fit and convenient for one, would be con-
sidered quite unsuitable for another. Hence the great
difficulty of arranging plans exactly to suit all wants.
And hence the importance to all persons, and especially
ladies, Avho understand best the principle of convenience,
of ac(|uiring some architectural knowledge. There are
di)ul)tless many desii-iug to build a cottage, who will find
no ()ne of the plans hereafter submitted precisely what
they want, and this will lie found to arise mainly from
theii- having certain peculiar wants growing out of their
haljits or position, for Avhicli no artist, not familiar with
these, could possibly provide.

There are some rules of fitness of nearly universal appli-
cation. Thus a dining-room should obviously have con-
nected Avitli it, either a pantry or a large closet, or both;
and it should be so placed as to afford easy ingress and
egress to and from the kitchen. The drawing-room, parlor,
or finest apartment, should look out on the most beautiful
•\iew, either over a distant prospect, if there Ije such, oi',
if not, upon the fine home landscape of trees, lawn, or
flower-garden. A library may occupy a more secluded
position, and re(piires less attention to outward circum-

COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

S

s

tances, as tlie materiel from whence it dispenses enjoyment
is within itself. Again, there are other minor points more
generally understood, which may be considered under thi.'
principle, and to which we need scarcely allude. Among
these are the construction of proper drains to the kitchen
and basement, the introduction of water-pipes, cisterns,
etc. A bathing-room requires little space, and may be
easily constructed in any cottage, and its great importance
to health renders it a most desii'able feature in all our
houses. No dwelling can be considered complete whicli
has not a water-closet under its roof, though the expense
may yet for some time prevent their general introduction
into small cottages.

In a country like ours, where the population is compara-
tively sparse, civil rights equal, and wages high, good ser-
vants or domestics are comparatively rare, and not likely
to retain their places a long time. The maximum of com-
fort, therefore, is found to consist in employing the small-
est number of servants actually necessary. Tliis may be
greatly facilitated by having all the apartments conveni-
ently arranged with reference to their various uses, and
still further l)y introducing certain kinds of liomestic labor-
saving apparatus to lessen the amount of service required,
or to i-ender its performance easy. Among those which
we 'would, from experience, especially recommend for cot-
tages, are the rising cupboard or duml) waiter, the speak-
ing-tube, and the rotary pump.

The rising cuj^board is only required in the case of a base-
ment kitchen, and iu this instance it will be found to
render the labor of carrying the dinner to and from the

kitchen much easier than that experienced iu bringing
it from a kitchen on tlie same floor, with less risk of
broken china or dishes. The unsightly appearance of a

6 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

cupboard rising through the floor in a corner of the dining-
room is obviated by having it enclosed by a fixed case, like
a small sideboard, and its construction we shall show
hereafter.

Speaking-tubes are merely common tin tulles, one and a
half inch in diameter, terminated by mouth-pieces, one of
which is in the kitchen, the other in the desired apartment.
They will usually only be required in two rooms, viz., the
dining-room and the family bed-room, and In constructing
the house they may be Introduced and led through the par-
titions at a very trifling cost. They save much time and
labor, as by their aid we may be able to communicate our
wants in a whisper from the chamber floor to tB"6 kitchen,
and have them answered with less loss of time than would
l)e required by the ordinary use of the Ijell only, to bring
the servant to our room to learn our wishes.

The rotary pump may be considered as supplying the
place In a cottage of the extensive arrangement of water-
pipes introduced in the best mansions for supplying the
upper or chamber story with water. A rotary pump, placed
in some convenient position in the hall of the chamber floor
of a cottage, and communicating by a leaden pipe with a
cistern outside, may be said to place an abundant supply of
water within a few steps of every bed-room on that story.
This," it is evident, will save much labor in carrying water
daily, to say nothing of the comfort of having a fresh
supply within reach at any moment. The introduction of a
complete set of water-pljies in a house is expensive, and to
keep them in repair is a considerable additional tax, but the
comparative cheapness and efficiency of the I'otary pump
(which is the neatest and most complete apparatus) render
it, or something of this same description, an almost indispen-
sable convenience in a cottage of more than one story.

-h

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 7

The universally acknowledged utility of closets renders
it unnecessary for us to say anything to direct attention to
them under this head. In the ])rinci])al story, a pantry or
closets are a necessary accompaniment to the dining or
living room, but are scarcely required in connection with
any of the other apartments. Bed-rooms always require at
least one closet to each, and more will be found convenient.
One, or sometimes two, may always be provided, in a cham-
ber having a fire-place, by enclosing the space on one side
of the chimney-breast, and in all cottage villas, or villas of
good size, one or two bed-rooms should be provided with
dressing-rooms attached, which will be found to add greatly
to the real comfort of the apartment. Some persons, how-
ever, have such a passion for closets, that they not unfi-e-
quently destroy all the merit of a plan, by cutting
iqj the interior so as to afford them in abundance. A i)laii
of very moderate size will perhaps only afford a few rooms
of good size and proportion, which would be injured or
destroyed by cutting off many closets. It is far better to
substitute wardrobes, or movable closets, than thus to
sacrifice all space and elegance of arrangement to conve-
nience.

The mode of construction, and the materials employed, arc
also comprised under the head of fitness. In this country,
from the great aljundance and cheapness of wood, it has,
until within a few years, been almost the only material em-
ployed in constructing country houses : but as timber has
grown scarcer in the foi'est it has also become dearer, until,
in many parts of the Atlantic States, stone or brick is
equally economical, AVood is acknowledged by all archi-
tects to be the ' worst material for building, and should
never be employed when it is in the power of the builder
to use any other. Its want of diu-ability, the exjiense of

8 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

])iiiiiting it .111(1 keeping it in i-epair, and its frailness and
liability to decay by the action of the weather, are all very
serious objections to it as a material for dwelling-houses.
A cottage of wood is, from the thinness of the exterior,
necessarily warmer in summer and colder in winter than
one built of more solid materials. Filling-in with brick
decreases this objection, but does not entirely remove it.
In point of taste, a house built of wood strikes us the least
agreeably, as our pleasure in l)eholdiug a Ijeautiful form is
marred by the idea of the frailness of the material com-
posing that form. We are aware that the almost universal
])revalence of wooden country houses in the United States
has weakened this impression, but the strength with which
it strikes an European, accustomed to solidity and perma-
nence in a dwelling, is the best proof of the truth of our
remark. And even in this country, the change of feeling
which is daily taking place on this subject, shows very
plaiidy in how little estimation wood ^vill be held as a
building material, compared with l)rick or stone, by the
next generation.

Brick is the next best material to wood, and is every day
coming into more general use. The walls formed of it, if
well constructed, have a solidity and permanence ajipro-
priate for a country house, and requiring little cost to
keep it in repair. The offensive hue of red brick walls in
the country is easily removed by coloi-ing them any agree-
alile tint, Avhich will also render them dryer and more per-
manent. Brick and stucco (that is, a wall built of rough
brick, and coated exteriorly with a cement) is, when well
executed, one of the best materials for cottages or villas.
It is much warmer and dryer than ^vood, or even stone, and
is equal to the latter in external effect, when marked ofE
null colored to i-esemble it. AVe have no doubt that in a

COTTAGE KESLDENCliS. 9

short time it will have a very general preference in most
sections of the coiiutry.*

Stone is generally conceded to be superior, on the whole,
to any other material for building. Tliis is owing to its
great durability and solidity, l^otli in expression and in
reality; and to its requu'ing no trouble to keep it in repair,
as it suffers little or no injury fi'om the action of the ele-
ments.

When houses are built of brick or stone, the interior
plastering should never be put directly upon the inner face
of the wall, as is sometimes done by careless or ignorant
mechanics : but the lathing upon which it is formed should
always be separated from the solid wall l)y what is techni-
cally called " furring off," Avhich leaves a S2)ace of two or
more inches between the solid wall and that of plaster.
This vacuity is, of course, occupied by air, which is a better
non-conductor than any wall, prevents effectually the pene-
tration of all dampness, and renders the wall warmer than
\'\^ould three times the same thickness of solid material.

When we are necessarilj' restricted to the employment
of a certain material, both fitness and good taste require
that there should be a correspondence between the material
used and the style adopted for the building. Heav)^ and
massive architectui'e — a temple, a castle, or a mansion —
should be built of stone only, or some solid enduring suli-
stance, but cottages in some light and fanciful styles may
with more propriety be erected in Avood, that material

* The common hydraulic cements of New York are unfit for plastering the exte-
rior of houses, and many persons who have only seen these employed (mixed per-
haps with dirty, instead of sharp, clean sand), snppose that all cements are equally
liable to crumble by exposure to damp and frost. The cement (or hydraulic limes)
of Connecticut and Pcunsylvauia arc greatly superior for stucco or external plaster,
becomiugf, when well applied, nearly as firm and durable as stone. [The brick and
stucco mode of building walLshas not come into very general use in this country. Ed. ]

10 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

being in luirniony with the expression of the form and out-
lines. There cannot well be a greater violation of correct
taste than to build a Gothic castellated villa with thin
wooden boards. It is a species of counterfeit coin which
\vill never pass current with cultivated minds. De Tocque-
ville, in his remarks on the spirit in which the Americans
cultivate the arts, says, " "When I arrived for the first time
at New York, l)y that part of the Atlantic Ocean which is
called the Nari-ows, I was surprised to perceive along the
shore, at some distance from the city, a considerable num-
ber of palaces of white marble, several of which were built
after the models of ancient architecture." His sui'prise was
still greater, however, when he went the next day to inspect
the temple that had particularly attracted his notice, to
find that its imjiosing portico was supported by huge
colmnns of painted wood.

Something might be said on the subject of fitness, with
regard to the furniture and interior decoration of our
(Iwcl ling-houses. This is a great charm about a countiy
house, fitted up or furnished simply, appropriately, and
comfortaljly. A j^rofusion of mirrors, of gilding, or of
chairs and sofas, too magnificent except for show, strikes
us disagreeably amid the freshness, the silence, and sim-
])licity of that nature which quietly looks us in the face
at every window of a house in the country.

The expression of purpose in architecture is conveyed by
features in a building, or by its whole ap2;)earance, suggest-
ing the end in view, or the purpose for which it is intended.
A churcli, for example, is easily known by its spire, or a
liaiMi I)y its plain large dpors, and the al)sence of chimneys,
and the reason acknowlederes a satisfaction in findincf them
to be Nvhat they appear, or, in othei- -words, with the truth-
f Illness of their expression. Whatever, therefore, tends

COTTAGE KESIDENCES. 11

to heigliten expression of purpose, must grow out of some
(piality which connects itself in the mind -with the use for
which it is designed, and a genuine mode of increasing
our admiration of any building is to render it expressive
of the purpose for which it is built.

Although, at first thought, it would appear that persons
would be little likely to fall into error in violating the trutli-
fulness of a building, yet examples do not unfi-equently
occur. Some of our dwellins-'houses are so meagre and
comfortless in their exteriors, that one might be fairly par-
doned for supposing them barns, and, on the other hand,
we have seen stables so decorated with green shutters and
pilasters that they have actually been mistaken for dwell-
ing-houses. A blind passion for a particular style of l)uild-
ing may also tend to destroy expression of purpose. It
would certainly be difficult for a stranger in some of our
towns, where tlie taste for Grecian temples prevails, to
distinguish Avith accuracy between a cluu'ch, a bank, und
a hall of justice.

Not only should the Avhole house have a general chai-ac-
ter denoting the end in view, but every portion of it should
be made, as far as possil)le, to convey the same impression.
The various useful features entering into its composition
should all be expressive of the end for which they are
intended, and should appear to answer their purpose.
Thus large windows indicate spacious and well-ventilated
apartments, and although proj^riety I'equires the windows
of the principal rooms to be made larger than those of the
chamber story, yet the latter should not be shorn of their
due proportions so as to be expressive of imperfect accom-
modation. One of the most common errors which of late
has crept into our suburban builders' heads, is the intro-
duction of short attic wiu(hi\vs into the second or tliiivl

12 COTTAGE BESIDKNCES.

story of their houses. However satisfactory such dwell-
ings may otherwise be, the expression of low and confined
chandlers, convej^ed by these cramped windows, destroys
all pleasure in contemplating their exteriors.

The prominent features conveying expression of purpose
in dwelling-houses, are the chimneys, the windows, and
the porch, veranda, or piazza; and for this reason, when-
ever it is desired to raise the character of a cottage or villa
above mediocrity, attention should first be bestowed on
those portions of the building.

The chimney-tops, in all countries where fires are used,
are decidedly expressive of purpose, as they are associated
with all our ideas of warmth, the cheerful fireside, and the
social winter circle. The learned Bishop Hall says,

"Look to the towered chimnies, whicli should be
' The wind-pipes of good hdspitalitie."

" In eveiy human habitation," says Loudon, " these chimney-
tops ought to be consj)icuous objects, because they are its
essential characteristics. They distinguish ajiartments
destined for human beina;s from those desio-ued for lodijiug
cattle. They also distinguish a dwelling-house fi'om a
nianufactory or workshop, by their size, number, form, or
disposition." As chimney-tops are thus so essential a jiavt
of dwelling-houses, we should endeavor to render them
pleasing objects, and increase their importance by making
them ornamental. The clumsy mass of bricks shoiild be
enlivened and rendered elegant by varying its form, orna-
menting its sides and summit, or sej^arating the whole into
distinct flues, forming a cluster, in modes of Avliich there
are a multitude of suitalde examples in the various styles
of architecture. The chimney-tops generally occupy the
highest poi'tions of the roof,, breaking against the sky

COTTAGE IlESIDENCES. 18

boldly, and, if enriched, will not only increase the expres-
sion of purpose, 1)ut add also to tlie ])ictur(;sfpie l^eauty of
the composition.

Tlie porcli, the veranda, or the piazza, are highly charac-
teristic features, and no dwelling-house can be considered
complete without one or more of them. The entrance
door, even m the humblest cottage, should always be a
conspicuous feature in its front, and it may be rendered
so by a porch or veranda of some kind, which will serve
to keep the entrance dry and warm in inclement weather.
In all countries like ours, where there are hot summers,
a veranda, piazza, or colonnade is a necessary and delight-
ful appendage to a dwelling-house, and in fact dui-ing a
considerable j^art of the year frecpxently beconies the
lounging ajiartment of the family. Hence a l)road shady
veranda suggests ideas of comfort, and is highly expressive
of purpose. For the same reason, l:)ay or oriel windows,
balconies, and ten-aces, added to villas, increase their
interest, not only by their beauty of form, but l)y their
denoting more forcibly those elegant enjoyments which
])elong to the habitation of man in a cultivated and rehned
state of society.

The coIo)' of buildings may very properly be made to
inci-ease their expression of truthfulness. Tluis a barn or
stal)le, being regarded entirely in a useful ])oint of view,
may have a quiet, unobtrusive tone of coh)r, while a cottage
or villa should be of a cheerful, mellow hue harmonizing
with the verdure of the country. A mansion may very
properly have a graver color than a cottage, to be in uni-
son with its greater dignity and extent. There is one
color, however, frequently em])l()yed by house-painters,
which we feel bound to protest against most lieartily, as
entirely unsuitable and in bad taste. This is white, which

14 COTTAfJE T:KSIl)]:NCk;S.

is so univGrsally n])i)lii'(l to our wooden liouses of every size
and (kiscriptioii. Tlie glaring nature of tliis color, when seen
in contrast with the soft green of foliage, renders it
extremely unjdeasant to an eye attuned to harmony of
coloring, and nothing but its very great prevalence in the
United States could render even men of some taste so
heedless of its bad effect. No painter of landscapes that
has possessed a name was ever guilty of disjilaying in his
])ictui'es a glaring white house, but, on the contrary, the
liuildings introduced by the great masters have uniformly
a mellow softened shade of color, in exquisite keeping with
the surrounding objects.*

We shall quote on this subject some remarks in point by
Uvedale Price, whose name is of high authority. f " One
of the most charmino' effects of sunshine is its c-ivins: to
ol)jects not merely light, but that mellow golden hue so
beautiful in itself, and which, when diffused as in a fine
evening over the \vhole landscape, creates that rich union
and harmony so enchanting in nature and Claude. In any
scene, whether real or painted, Avhen such harmony prevails,
the least discordancy in color would disturb the eye : but
if we suppose a single object of a glaring white to be intro-
duced, the whole attention, in spite of all our efforts to the
contrary, Avill ho di'awn to that one point; if many such
objects l)e scattered about, the eye will be distracted among
them. Again (to consider it in another view), when the
sun breaks out in gleams, there is something that delights
and sur])rises in seeing an object, before only visible, lighted
up in splendor, and then gradually sinking into shade ; but

* To render the effect stUl worse, our modem builders paint their Venetian
window-shutters a bright green ! A cool dark green would be in better taste, and
more agreeable to the eye, both from the exterior and interior.

f "Essays on the Picturesque."

COTTAGE KKSIDENCES. 15

a Avhitened object is already lighted up; it remains so when
ever^'thing else has retired into ol)scurity ; it still forces
itself into notice, still impudently stares you in the face.
An object of a sober tint, unex^jectedly gilded by the sun,
is like a serious countenance suddenly lighted up by a smile ;
a -whitened object like the eternal grin of a fool." There
may be a little sai'casm in the tone of these remarks, V^ut
that they are strictly true every fine colorist will admit.

As it is difficult to convey in words a proper idea of deli-
cate shades of color, and as Ave think the subject one of
very great importance in domestic architecture, we have
given specimens on the opposite page of six shades of color
highly suitable for the exterior of cottages and villas. A,
B, and C, are shades of gray, and D, E, F, of drab or fawn
color, which will be found pleasing and harmonious in
any situation in the country. Stuccoed or cemented build-
ings should be marked off in courses, and tinted to resem-
ble some mellow stone ; Bath, Portland stone, or any other
of the light free-stone shades, are generally most agree-
able.

A person of correct architectural taste will carry his
feeling of artistical propriety into the interior of his house,
and confer on each apartment, hj expression of purpose, a
kind of individuality. Thus, in a comjdete cottage-villa,
the hall will be graye and simple in character, a few ])lain
seats its princijml furniture ; the library sober and digni-
fied, or bookish and learned in its air; the dining-room
cheerful, with a hospitable sideboard and taljle ; the draw-
ing-room lively or l)i-illiant, adorned with ]>ictures or other
objects of art, and evincing more elegance and gayety of
tone in its colors and furniture. The beil-rooms would be
simple, or only pretty, with almndant ventilation, and ceil-
ings of full height, and not low or contracted.

16 COTTAGE KESIDENCES.

We have tlaua sketched the ground-work upon which
architecture rests, fitness and expression of ]nir])ose, but
architecture which goes no further is only a u^;eful, not a
■fine art. It is only htdlding. The true artist breathes a
life and soul, which is beauty, into the dead utilitarian
materials, stone and wood, and they speak a language that
is luidcrstood as readily as that of animate nature. The
mechanic blocks out the stone from the quarry, he even
gives to it the senddance of the human form, but only the
sculjitor moulds the cold marble into a passion or a senti-
ment that endures for ages, and strikes men of speech dumb
with its voiceless eloquence. A Greek temple or an old ca-
thedral speaks to the soul of all men as audibly as could
a Demosthenes. Even a Swiss chalet, with its drooping,
shadowy eaves, or an old English cottage, with its quaint
])eaked gables, each embodies a sentiment in its peculiar
form which takes hold of the mind, and convinces us that,
in some way or other, it has a living power. To reproduce
the lieautlful in this manner, and to infuse a s])irit and a
grace in forms otherwise only admirable for their usefid-
ness, is the ideal of architecture as an art of taste, and its
inspii'ation may be seen here and there in some humble
nook-hidden cottage, as well as in the dome of St. Peter's.

As all the satisfaction which the reason experiences in
luiilding as a useful art arises from fitness and expression
of purpose, so all the delight which the imagination receives
from architecture as an art of taste is derived from beauty
of form., and from the sentiment associated with certain
modes of building long prevalent in any age or countiy.

Aside fi-om certain styles of ai'chitecture which have
received the approl)ation of all men for their acknowledged
beauty, and which are generally followed by architects,
there are also some leading rules which should govern us

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 17

ill tlie composition of l>uildings in any style, however sim-
ple, because tliey are inherent sources of beauty, common
to all styles.

The first of these is the principle of Unity, a principle
of the highest importance in all works of art. There
should be' a unity of design in all portions of the same
building, showing, by a correspondence of its various parts,
that they all originated in the same mind ; a unity of style,
avoiding the introduction, in an established mode, of any
portions or members not in keejjing with that mode ; and
a unity of decoration, evinced in the appropriate appli-
cation of enrichment to the wdiole, rather than to a single
])art of an edifice. These rules of Unity are not unfre-
quently violated by architects, but always at tlie expense
of the l)eauty and perfection of their works, as no artist is
superior to principles."' The production of a wliole follows
as the result of attention to the principles of Unity, and our
pleasure in every work of art is enduring precisely in pro-
portion as it forms a perfect whole. Unity is tlie principle
of Oneness, and its violation always shocks a tasteful and
consistent mind. As an example of the violation of unity
of style, we might refer to a number of country chapels or
churches within our. knowledge, where a Grecian portico
and Gothic or pointed windows occur in the same compo-
sition ! Or, to illustrate the like in unity of decoration oi-
of design, how many country dwellings have we all seen,
with a highly elegant colonnade in front, accompanying
bare sides, without the least corresponding enricliraent in
the windows!

The next principles of composition are those of TTniform-

* " Every opportunity should be taken to discountenance that false and vulgar
opinion, that rules are the fetters of genius ; they are fetters only to men of no
genius."— Sir Joshua Ee\-soi.ds.

18 COITAGE KESIDEXCES.

ity and of Si/mmetry j two words wlilcli fie([ueiitly pass
as synoiiyinous in commoa liuiguage.

Uniformity in building is the re^^etition of the same
forms in tlie different portions or sides of a building. " A
hut may be recognized as a work of art, ho^vever rude or
anomalous its form ; because, according to human experi-
ence, its sides, its roof, and its door could never have been
arranged so as to form a hut by chance. Such a hut is
satisfactory as a work of art, but nothing more ; but a hut
in a square form gives additional satisfaction by the regu-
larity of its figure, which gives an idea not only of art,
but of cultivated or improved art. There can be no doubt,
therefore, that tlie love of regularity is strongly implanted
in the human mind ; since regularity is the first principle
which displays itself in the works of man, comj^osed with
a view to beauty." * Hence, those persons who have the
least taste or imagination will be found to jirefer a plain
square or cube, above all others, for a house, as being the
first principle of beauty which they are able to discover in
architecture, f

As, Uniformity is the balance of two regular parts, so
the principle of Symmetry may be defined the balance of
two irregular parts ; in other words. Uniformity in
works of art is artistical recjularity / Symmetry, artistical
irregularity. There are irregular buildings without sym-
raetr}-, but iu all irregular compositions entirely satis-
factory, it will generally be found that there is a kind of
hidden proportion which one-half of the whole bears to

* ArehUectiiral Magasine, i. 221.

f As, besides this, a square or parallelogram is the most economical form in which
a house can be built, and as a small house does not easily permit irregularity, we
have adopted it iu designing the greater number of cottages which follow, but we
have endeavored to raise them above mere uniformity, by adding such character-
istic ornaments as to give also some xaricty to the compositions.

COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

19

the other, and it is this balance which constitutes sym-
metiy.

A building may be highly irregular, it may abound in
variety and pictiu'esqueness, and yet be pei-fectly symmet-
rical. In the annexed rough sketch (Fig. 1), the pile of

Fio. 1.

building represented, which is full of irregularity, is also
symmetrical, for if we divide it by the imaginaiy line a,
the portion on the right balances that on the left ; that is,
though not in shape, yet in bulk and in the mass of com-
position ; while in Fig. 2, which is a uniform or regular
Ijuilding, the portion to the right balances that on the left

Fig. 3.

both in form and bulk. Now almost all persons who have
not cultivated a taste for architecture, or whose organiza-

20 COITAGE RESIDENCES.

tions are deficient in tliis faculty, Avould prefer a regular
house to a symnieti'ically irregular one, because Avitli tlicni
the reason only demands to be satisfied; ])ut witli more
cultivated mintls tlie taste and imagination are active, and
call for a more lively and varied kind of beauty, and the
irregular building Avould be chosen, as affording more
intense and endui-ing pleasure.

As the principles of Harmony^ Variety^ etc., are inti-
mately connected -with, and may be said to grow out of.
Unity, Uniformity, and Symmetry, we shall not in our
present limits offer any remarks upon them.

The different styles in architecture are certain modes of
biiilding which have had their origin in different countries,
and may be considered as standard forms of architectural
beauty. They have, almost Avithout exception, had their
origin in some lofty enthusiasm of the age, A\diich was
embodied by the master artists of the time, generally in
the enthusiasm of religion. To the pagan gods were
reared the beautiful temples of the Greeks, and under the
more spiritual influence of Christianity arose those Gothic
cathedrals in which the ponderous stone was wrought in
the most exquisite modifications of intricacy and beauty —
those cathedi-als which, sa}'s an eloquent writer, are " a
blossoming in stone, subdued by the insatiable demand of
harmony in man." In like manner the Oriental style, dis-
tinguished by its mosques and minarets, and the Egyptian,
by its pyramids and cavernous temples, have all had their
origin in the same lofty aspirations of the artist.

All domestic architecture, in a given style, should be a
subdued expression or manifestation of that style adjusted
to the humbler requirements of the building- and the more
quiet purposes of domestic life. Hence it woxild evidently
be* absurd to copy a cathedral in building a dwelling in

COTTAGK IJESIDEXCES. 21

the Gothic style, or a temple in a cottage after the Grecian
mode.

Nearly all the modes of building in modern use may be
referred to two original styles, of ^\■hic]l they are only
modifications or varieties, viz. : to the Grecian, in which
horizontal lines prevail, and to the Gothic, in which verti-
cal lines prevail ; and there have not been wanting artists
Avho have caught something of the spirit and beauty of
the original masterpieces of art, and transfused them
into the moi'e domestic styles which have grown out of
these to suit the wants of civilized life. Tims, although
the pure Grecian style (the temple) was not intended, and
is not suitable for domestic purposes, the Roman and the
Italian styles, which are modified forms of it, ai'c elegant
adaptations of its characteristic forms to this pui'pose.
The Italian style, by its verandas and l:)alconies, its ])ro-
jecting roofs, and the capacity and variety of its foi'ui, i.s
especially suited to a warm climate.

In the santie manner the Swiss, the Flemish, and other
continental modes of building, Avith exterior galleries, and
Avide horizontal cornices, are all variations of this mode,
only differing in some peculiar adaptation to tlie climate
of the country, or the customs of the people.

Neither has the Gothic been confined to the cathedral,
where, as the noblest form, it exists in its grandeur and
purity, but its beauty and ])icture-=iqueness liave reappeaivd
in the old English styles of domestic architecture. The
most perfect examples are those of tlie castles and man-
sions of England of the time of the Tudors, but the whole
of the cottajxe architecture of Enojland is imlnied with its
spii'it, and the manifestations are everywhere visible, in
quaintly cai'ved gables or verge boards, Avi'eathed and
clustered chimneys, beautiful windows ornamented AA^tli

22 COITAGE KKSIDKNCES.

tracery, and numberless other details, highly expressive
and characteristic.

In adopting any style for imitation, our preference
should be guided not only by the intrinsic beauty which
we see in a particular style, but by its appropriateness to
om- uses. This will generally be indicated by the climate,
the site or situation, and the wants of the family who are
to inhabit it. In a high northern latitude, where it is evi-
dent colonnades and verandas would be unsuitable for most
of the year, the Italian or Grecian styles should not be
chosen; and in a tropical one, the warm, solid, comfortable
featin-es of the old Ensrlish architecture would not be ne-
cessary or appropriate. In a country like the middle por-
tions of the United States, where the summers are hot and
the winters cold, thei-e is sufficient latitude for the adop-
tion of various styles of building, and therefore more judg-
ment or taste is requisite in the selection.

The different styles of architecture have been very aptly
compared to different languages, employed by various
architects to express their ideas, and which, when perfect,
always remain nearly fixed, and best express the wants
of a particular age or country. We may safely carry out
this illustration, and say that the temples and cathedrals
are the orations and epic poems, the dwelling-houses the
familiar epistles or conversations of the particular styles.

In expressing om" architectural ideas by the medium of
a certain style or language, we shall succeed best, and our
efforts will afford most deliglit, the more nearly we ap-
proach to the nature of the circumstances under which the
style or language originated. Thus, if we talk pure Greek,
and build a Grecian temple for a dwelling, we shall be little
understood, or perhaps only laughed at by our neighbors.
It is not much better in the present daj' to recite an epic

*-

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 23

poem by building a cathedral, or a heroic one by construct-
ing a castle for our habitation. Let us rather be more sen-
sible, though not less graceful in our architectural utter-
ance, and express a i")leasant, every-day language in an old
English mansion, a Rural Gothic cottage, or an Italian
villa.

For domestic architecture, we ivould strongly recom-
mend those simple modifications of architectural styles,
where the beauty grows oiit of the enrichment of some
useful or elegant features of the house, as the windows or
verandas, I'ather than those where some strongly marked
features, of little domestic beauty, overpower the rest of
the building. The Rural Gothic style, characterized mainly
by pointed gables, and the Italian, by projecting roofs,
balconies, and terraces, are much the most beautiful modes
for our country residences. Their outlines are highly pic-
turesque and harmonious with natui'e. Their forms are
convenient, their accessories elegant, and they are highly
expressive of the refined and unostentatious enjoyments of
the country. We have pointed out in another work the
objections that may fairly be urged against the false taste
lately so prevalent among us, in building our country
houses in the form of Greek temples, sacrificing thereby
the beauty of variety, much convenience, and all the com-
fort of low and shady verandas, to the ambitious display
of a portico of stately columns ; and we are happy to see
that the fashion is on the decline. Let us hope speedily to
see in its place a correct taste springing up in every jxart of
the country, which shall render our cottage homes beautiful,
not by borrowing the features or enrichments of a tem])le
or palace, but by seeking beautiful and appi-opriate forms,
characteristic of domestic life, and indicative of home com-
forts.

l CO'lTAGE RESIDENCES.

Not a little of the delic-lit of beautiful l)uil(liii2;8 to a

cultivated mind gi-ows out of the sentiment of architecture,
or the associations connected with cei'tain styles. Thus
the sight of an old English villa will call up iu the mind
of one familiar with the history of architecture, the times
of the Tudors, or of "JNIerry England," in the days of
Elizabeth. The mingled quaintness, beauty, and pictu
resqueuess of the exterior, no less than the oaken wainscot,
curiously carved furniture, and fixtures of the interior of
such a dwelling, when harmoniously complete, seem to
transport one back to a past age, the domestic habits, the
hearty hospitality, the joyous old sports, and the i-omance
and chivalry of which, invest it, in the dim retrospect,
with a kind of golden glow, in which the shadowy lines
of poetry and reality seem strangely intei'woven and
l)lended.

So, too, an Italian villa may recall, to one familiar with
Italy and art, liy its Imld roof lines, its campanile and its
shady balconies, the classic beauty of that fair and smiling
land, where pictures, sculptm-ed figures, vases, and urns,
in all exquisite forms, make part of the decorations and
" surroiuidings " of domestic and public edifices. A resi-
dence in the Roman style (more suitable than the Grecian)
may, by its dignified elegance of arrangement and decora-
tion, recall to the classic mind the famed Tusculum retreat
of Pliny. And one fond of the \vild and picturesque,
whose home chances to be in some one of our rich moun-
tain valleys, may give it a peculiar interest by imitating
the Swiss cottage, or at least its expressive and striking
features. A great deal of the charm of architectural style,
in all cases, will arise from the happy union between the
locality or site, and the style chosen, and fi'om the entire-
ness with \\hich the architect or amateur enters into the

COITAGE RESIDENCES. 25

spirit and character of the style, and carries it through his
whole work. This may be done in a small cottage, and at
little cost, as well as in a mansion, at great expense ; but
it requires more taste and skill to achieve the former
admirably, although the latter may involve ten times the
mao-nitude.

26

COTTAGE HESIDENCES.

DESIGN I.

A Suburban Gotkuje for a small Family.

We have supposed this cottage to be situated in the
snl)url)s of a town or village, and, for the sake of illustra-
ting tlie treatment of a small portion of ground, we shall
also imagine it to be placed on a lot of ground 75 feet
front by 150 deep, which, at the time of commencing the
building, has upon it no trees or improvements of any
description.

By referring to the plan of the first floor of this cottage,
Fig. 4, the reader will perceive on the left of the hall, the
])arlor, or living-room, IG feet by 21 feet, having in com-
munication Avith it, a pantry and a. closet for books — each
4 feet by 8 feet. On the opposite side of the hall are, the
kitchen, 14 feet by 16, and a bed-room 12 feet by 16 feet.

Fia.

In the plan of the chamber floor, Fig. 5, there are four bed-
rooms of good size, and one of small dimensions. Sufficient
cellar room Avill be obtained under tha living-room, closets,

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 27

and laall, and it will not therefore be necessary to excavate
for this purpose under the kitchen and first floor bed-room ;
a circumstance which Avill lessen the expense in Inillding
the foundation walls.

This simple cottage Avill be a suitable one for a small
family, when the mistress wishes to have the management
of the domestic afEairs directly under her own personal
care and supervision. In such a case it is indispensable
to have the kitchen on the same floor with the living-room,
though, if possible, not opening directly into it ; as in the
latter arrangement, the smell arising from the cooking
woidd be in unpleasant proximity to the living-room.
We have therefore placed it on the opposite side of the
hall, though but a few stejis fi-om the living-room. In
a cottage of this descrijjtion, the master and mistress will
generally prefer to have their own bed-room on the first
floor, and we have accordingly placed it opposite the
living-room.

Although this cottage is of very moderate size, yet, to
a family of small means, leading a comparatively retired
life, it will afford a great deal of comfort, and even a con-
siderable degree of taste or neatness. The parlor or living-
room is comparatively large ; its outline is agreeably varied
by the bay window opposite the fire-place — and the closet
of books connected with it, indicating a certain 'degree of
mental cultivation, may veiy fairly stand in the place of
the library, which forms one of the suite of apartments in
a larger cottage or villa. On the other hand, the pantiy
opening into the same apartment renders it equally eligilde
and convenient as a dining-room. However large our
dvrelling-houses may be, including every grade, from a
cottage to a palace, if they are occupied by a family of
moderate size, it will be found that more than one room

28 COTTAGK RESIDENCES.

is seldom used at a time, and that all the actual comforts
of domestic life may be realized in a cottage of tliis class,
containing only a single parlor or living-room, as well as
in a mansion of a dozen apartments. " I must confess,"
■says Cowley, "I love littleness almost in all things. A
little cheei-ful house, a little company, and a very little
feast." Whatever is necessary beyond this, arises either
from a desire to enjoy a more luxurious style of living, or
from the wish to entertain a lai-ger circle of fi'iends. Now
as none of these are supposed to come within the wishes
or means of the inmates of a cottage like the present, its
accommodation will be found ample. And supposing one
( .r two of the attic chambers occupied by younger members
of the family, and another by a domestic or domestics,
there will- still remain a "spare room," which we shall
suppose always neat and clean, ready for the fi'iend or
stranger who may enjoy the cordial welcome of the cottage.
In l)iiil(linQ,- tliis cottage, the kitchen should be provided
with a Ijrick drain, leading from the sink to some large
di-uin at a distance from the house, or, in case this is im-
practicable, to a reservoir dug at a distance of forty or
fifty feet from the house in a gravelly stratum, where the
drainage may lose itself in the soil. [Cement pipes, or
glazed stoneware pipes, laid in cement, .with stench-traps
of the same material attached to them near the house, or
directly under, just beyond the rise, are now used in prefer-
ence to the brick di-ains, being cheaper, and better for the
purpose. — Ed.] Tliis reservoir may be of the size of a
cistern of ordinary capacity, the sides built up with a
dry wall, the top covered by flag stones, and the whole
finally covered by soil. In order to prevent smells arising
to the kitchen from the drain, it must be provided Avitli
a smell-trap^ which is easily constructed. If the water

COTTAGE IJESIDEXCES. 29

from the well, or cistern, or both, is intj'oduced by a leaden
pi2)e ^nd small pump into a corner of the kitchen over
the sink, it will add still furtlier to the convenience of
performing the culinary lal)or of the dwelling.

As regards external effect, we think this cottage will be
allowed to be very pleasing to the eye. Aside from any
other quality, its uniformity will be a source of satisfaction
to a larger class of persons who do not relish irregularity
in any building. There are also several features entering
into the comj^osition of this cottage \v'hich give it at once
■the air of something superior in design to ordinary build-
ings of the same class. The first of these is the veranda,
oraamented by brackets between the supports, which shel
ters the entrance-door, and affords an agreeal>le place ])otli
for walking in damp or unpleasant weather, and to enjf)y a
cool shaded seat in the hotter portion of the season. The
second feature is the projection of the eaves, with the orna-
mental eave-board, which serves to ])rotect the exterior
more comj^letely than aiiy other form against the effects
of storms, and gives character l)y its boldness and the deep
shadows it casts upon the building. The chimney-tops are
rendered sufiiciently ornamental to accord with the degree
of decoration displayed in the other portions of the cottage ;
and something of the bracketed character is kept up in the
di-essing of the windows and door-frames. The projecting
dormer-window adds beauty and gives importance to the
entrance fi-ont.

If we suppose this cottage, stripped of its projecting
eaves, its bracketed veranda, its dormer-AvindoAv, and the
little decoration visilde in the chimney-tops and other
details, we shall have a building in the form of a pai-allel-
ogram of the A'ery plainest description. Such a Ituilding
would be distinguishalde fi'om a barn or outhouse only by

30

COTTAGE K7<:S1DKNCES.

the presence of cliimueys uiid windows of larger size, and
^s-ould convey to the miud no impression whatever of j'efine-
uient in its occupants. By a trifling additional outlay at
the time of building, amounting from seven to ten j)er cent,
on the whole cost, such a plain dwelling may be made the
ornamental cottage shown in Design I., which we tliink
would strike every observer as being tasteful and agreea-
ble to the eye.

Construction. —This cottage, being light and somewhat
fanciful in its character, may be built of wood filled in with
l)rick. The roof should project twenty inches or two feet, and
the roof of the veranda in proportion. A portion of this
veranda is shoA\Ti in Fig. 6, and a section of the pillars or

Fig. 0.

Fig. 7.

supports in Fig. 7. z, The ornamental cornice which
surrounds the building, is shown more in detail at y ; the
pendent portion being cut out of inch board, and the
points terminated by acorns tui'ned, and nailed on. The
details y and z are to the scale of one-half of an inch to a
foot.

Brick and cement woiild Ije a very suitable construction
for this cottage, as the projecting roof would afford per-
fect security for the dryness and preservation of the Avails.
In this mode of building the roughest bricks may be used,
and are really preferaljle, as affording a better siu-face for
receiving and retaiuiutr the stucco than smooth ones. In

COTTAGE KESIDEXCES. 31

many districts, where bricks are easily obtained, this kind
of building will be found as cheap as wood.

It will be oljserved that in this design, and the seven
others that follow, we have placed the chimneys in the
interior, not in the exterior walls, a point of considerable
importance, which is greatly overlooked by oui- l>iiilders.
When a stack of chimneys is built in the outer walls, it
seldom continues Avarm durins; the whole twentv-four
hours, as it parts with its heat rapidly to the cold external
air. Now as a good draught depends, in a great degree,
on the warmth of the column of aii-, and this upon the
heat of the chimney, it is evident that chimneys in
the interior of a house must di-aw better than in the
exterior walls. Besides this, a great deal of heat is
retained in the body of the house by carrying the stacks
of flues through it. And in point of external effect, it is
much more pleasing to see the chimney-tops rising fi-om the
apex, or highest part of the roof, than fi-om its lowest edge.

Estimate. — The estimated cost of this cottage, finished
in a neat and suitable manner, is Sl,800. This, as well as
the estimates which follow, is intended to apply to the
majority of situations in the jNIiddle and Eastern States,
where timber is comparatively scarce, and bricks of second
quality, suitable for stuccoing upon, are worth about $4
per thousand. In districts where wood is much cheaper,
the cost of erection woidd be much less if this material
were wholly employed. [When the above estimate was
made, labor and materials were about one-half the present
prices. At the present An-iting, ordinary hard bricks are
Avorth fi-om 87.50 to $9 per thousand. Carpenters charge
$2..50 to $3.50 per day, and masons from 83.50 to 84.50.
This cottage in wood woidd cost about 83,600, and in brick,
about $4,500.— Ed.]

32 COITAGE RESIDENCES.

Laying out the ground. — As this cottage is decidedly
oi'iiamental in its character, it may fairly be presumed that
it -would be required that a considerable portion of the
limited ground nearest the house should be rendered
ornamental also. In the subiu'bs of a town or \allage, the
more common kinds of vegetables may generally l)e jjur-
chased as cheaply as they can be raised by the inmates of
such a cottage. The more delicate kinds of fruit, and a
fe\v of the earlier or finer kinds of vegetables may, how-
ever, be produced, of fine flavor, and with more satisfac-
tion to the proprietor, on the spot. We have therefore
devoted one-third of the area of the lot, Fig. 8, to the
kitchen garden a, and the remaining two-thirds will remain
to be occupied l)y the house, and for ornamental pur])()ses.
In order to separate these two portions, and to prevent the
eye of a person looking fi-om the house, or any of the
walks across the little lawn A, from seeing the kitchen
gai'den at the same time with the ornamental portion, we
shall place an ornamental trellis across the lot at c, Avhich
may l)e covered by the following vines, remarkal)le for the
beauty of their foliage and flowers, or for their fragrance,
viz. : —

2 Chinese Twining Honeysuckles, blooming in .June and October.

2 Montlily Fi-agrant " " May to November.

1 Yellow Trumpet " " May to November.

1 Red " " " May to Noveml)er.

1 Sweet-Scentefl Clematis, " August.

1 Virginian Silk, or Periploca, " July.

1 Chinese Wistana, " May.

1 Climbing Boursalt Rose, " June.

2 Double Michigan Roses, " May to December.

These, after a couj)le of years' growth, will form a ver-
dant barrier, which in no season, except winter, will be
without flowers. Across the walks leading into the

COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

32'

^•J!il!lliiii|l!l!lii||iMi|illpli

>:ii!;.nii

lillllllilllSt

8! W M

rf&n^ > 0 HM't

;■ X X X X X X X X X X X X X G

•«C«vC3rf«,M« « Cri 'cdbSfe

[Fig. S.]

!

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 33

kitclien garden, the lattice fence may be continued in tlie
form of liglit gates, and the vines may be trained so as
to form archways overhead.

Around the exterior of the kitchen garden is a Ijorder
G feet wide, which Avill be an excellent situation for a few
choice fruit trees; because, if planted on this exterior
border, they will not shade the beds devoted to vegetaljles,
which, if planted in the middle of the compartment, they
Avould soon do to such an extent as to render the situation
unfit for raising a crop of any kind. On the right-hand
border, which is the warmest aspect, we would advise the
planting of some grape-vines, which may either be trained
to the fence, or to a trellis placed foui' or five inches from
the fence. These vines may consist of a Cataw]>a, an
Isabella, an Elsingljurgh, and a Bland's Virginia, all hardy
varieties, very productive, and requiring little care. [In-
stead of the Catawba, Isabella, and Bland's Vii'ginia
grapes, place Delaware, Israella, and Concord, which are
more in favor now ; and for the D'Ai'emberg Pear sul)-
stitute the Beurre Bosc. — Ed.] On the other two outer
borders there -will be sufficient room for one tree of each
of the following fruits, viz., a Bartlett, a Seckel, and a
D'Ai'emberg Pear ; a George the Fourth and a Snow Peach ;
an Imperial Gage and a Jefferson Plum ; a ]\Iayduke and
a Downer's Late Red Cherry, and a IMoorpark Apricot.
In the same borders, and beneath these fruit trees, straw-
berries may be planted, making a bed about one hundred
and twenty feet long, which, if kept in good condition,
will be sufficient to supply a small family with this
delicious fi-uit. The border to the right, containing the
grape-vines, we shall suppose (except inunediately around
the vine) to be kept in grass, in which neat posts are set
at the distance of twelve feet apart, for the purpose of

34 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

stretcliitig a line for drying clotbes upon. These posts
being half way between the frame or trellis, npon which
the gi-apes are trained, and the walk, the line Avould he
easily commanded by a person standing upon the walk.
The space devoted to culinary vegetables we have merely
indicated by beds four feet wide on tlie plan, leaving the
occupant to apportion the same to their various uses, pre-
mising that the lai'ge bed in the centre, at a, is intended
for asparagus ; the tliree smaller ones, d, for sweet herbs ;
and the long bed, x , behind the trellis, covered by orna-
mental vines, for the esculent rhubarb, which is so valuable
an article for tarts or jdIcs, that no cottage garden, how-
ever small, should be without it.

Such a thing as a tvcdl for fruit ti-ees, in a cottage
garden, is nearly unknown in the United States, and there-
fore we need say nothing respecting training tlieni to a
■wall. I)ut a cottage garden is usually surrounded Ijy a
neat board fence or paling, painted some drab or incon-
spicuous color ; and as the number of fruit trees that could
be jiidiciously planted here is small, we would strongly
advise the owner of tliis garden to train the branches to
this fence, or to a trellis formed by nailing narrow strips
of board, trellis-like, at a distance of four or five inches
from the fence. The luxuriance and fruitfulness of trees
planted as ordinary standards, in most parts of the countr}-,
is the very obvious reason why, except in gardens of the
first class, a trained tree is so rarely seen ; but, on the
other hand, the superior size and beauty of the fruit raised
in this way make it an ol)ject of considerable importance,
when the number of trees is small. Besides this, the trees
occupy so much less space, interfere so little with the
gro\vth of anything else that may be near or under them,
and are so much more completely under the control of the

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 35

gardener, that we are certain they would, if trained, afford
ten times the satisfaction at all times beyond that derived
from standard trees, cultivated, or rather left to grow,
in the usual manner.

Proceeding now to the ornamental portion of the ground,
we shall suppose the outer border, e, to be planted with a
small mixed collection of handsome trees and shrubs, of
such varieties as may be easily and cheaply procured.
The trees may be planted at consideral)le distances, as a
very few, when they have attained some size, will be suffi-
cient for this limited surface. In the intermediate spaces,
I'oom will be found for quite a variety of shrubs, inter-
spersed with several sorts of hardy roses. In the centre
of each of the two small circles fronting the house, we
will place a Norway spruce, one of the finest evergreens in
this climate, as it preserves its rich green verdure unim-
paired throughout the coldest Aviuter. These firs, with
two or three additional everccreeus in the swell of the fi-ont
border, will give a cheerful aspect to the entrance front of
the cottao-e durius' the winter months.

The border marked/, in the plan, that directly surrounds
the building, should be laid down in turf, which, if kept
short, -will be much more pleasing and satisfactory than if
kept in a raw state by cultivation — partly from the greater
appearance of permanence in a turf bordei", and partly
from its greater neatness at all seasons. In this turf
border may be planted a few choice shrubs, or roses,
selecting such as are remai-kal)le for beauty of leaf and
flower, or for their fragrance ; as from their nearness to
the windows the latter may be enjoyed in the summer,
while the windows are open through the whole house.
There are about a dozen of these shrubs indicated on the
plan, which we shall suppose to be the followhig; —

oG COTTAGE EESIDENCJiS.

Blooms in

2 Pink Mczcrcon {Daphne Mezereurn) March.

2 Swcct-Sccntod Shrub {Calycanthus florida) June.

2 Baron Prevost Rose {Rosa Champiufijana) .June to Nov.

2 Fragrant Clethra {Clethra alnifolia) August.

2 Purple Magnolia {Magnolia oiovata) April.

2 Missouri Cuirant {Ribcs aureum) April.

These are all deliclously fragrant when in flower, and
some of the number will be in bloom during the whole
ii'i'owinj? season.

Quito an area, h, in the rear of the house, is devoted to
a huvn, which must be kept close and green by frequent
ino-\vings, so that it will be as soft to the tread as a carpet,
and that its deep verdore will set off the gay colors of the
flowering plants in the surrounding beds and parterre.
This little lawn is terminated by an irregular or arabesque
border, </, vaiying in width from four to fourteen feet.
The iiTegular form of this border is preferable to a regular
one on account of its more agreeable outline, and more
especially for the reason that, to a person looking across
tlio lawn from any part of the walk near the house, this
variety of form in the boundary increases the apparent
size of the area of turf which it encloses. To sjive still
further variety and effect, we have introduced also the two
small beds, h and /, cut in the turf, the former of which maj'-
be planted with monthly roses of any free-blooming soi'ts,
and the latter may be filled with mignonette by sowing
the seeds annually in April. The monthly roses will be
covered with bloom all the season, and will stand the
winter perfectly well in the open air anywhere south of
Albany, with the trifling care of throwing a little straw or
litter over them at the approach of winter, to jjrotect them
against the change of temperature.

It Avill be remembered that the kitchen garden is kept

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 37

out of view to a person standing at J, by the trelliscd
screen c, covered with a luxui-iant Avreath of honeysuckles
and other climbing plants, six or eight feet in height. "VVe
shall next suppose the arabesque border, </, devoted to a
miscellaneous collection of perennial flowering plants, or
herbaceous plants, as they are generally termed, arranging
them so that those of a few inches in height shall be near
the fi'ont margin of the border, those of a larger size the
next, and so gradually increasing in size until the largest
growing ones, perhaps three feet in heiglit, shall be at the
back of the border and farthest from the eye. It is not
necessary to have costly varieties of plants, or a large
collection, to render this border a handsome object to look
upon, but, on the contrarj^, a few well-selected species,
which may be procured for a trifling sum fi'om a nxu'seiy,
or the greater j^art of ^vhich may be had from the garden
of some neighboring amatem*, will serve to render this
border rich and beautiful, in leaf and blossom, all the
season. In the description of Design V., we shall give a
list of the most ornamental varieties of border perennial,
fi'om which the reader may choose for this or any other
garden. If, however, the occupant of tliis cottage should
desire to be at little or no cost for border flowers, and still
should wish to produce a considerable efFect, it may be
done by planting the bed with masses of the folio-wing
showy perennials : — •

Double red Ragged Robin . . . . (Lynchis Jlos-cueuli.)

Orange Chelonc {Chclone larlnUi.)

Chinese Pinks {Diaiithus sinensis.)

Bee Larkspur {Delphinium elatnm.)

White Lily {Lilium eandidum.)

Japan White Lily (Hcmci-oallis japonica.)

Early White Plilox {Phlox sitaucolens.)

Late Pui-ple Phlox (Phlox autumnalia.)

o

38 COTl'AGE RESIDENCES.

Fragrant Blue Violet ( Viola odorata.)

Blue Omi)li!iloclcs {Omphalodcs verna.)

Cliincsc White and Rose

Poconias (Paonia wJtiilejii andfragrans.)

Hearts-ease or Pansy ( Viola tricolor.)

Or, as a few seeds of ornamental annuals are easily and
clicaply procured at tlie seed-shops, tlie variety may be
increased by sowing tlie seeds of twenty or thirty species
of the latter in the spaces that Avotild be left between the
masses of herbaceous plants, taking care to arrange them,
with regard to height, in the same manner as the peren-
nials, as otherwise the taller plants near the eye would
hide the smaller and more delicate ones at the back of the
border.

We trust the reader who has followed us in our descrip-
tion will ackuowledo-e that this cottaoe, with its moderate
accommodations and small lot of ground, may be made
jM'oductive of a considerable degree of interest and beauty,
as Avell as comfort and enjoyment. There is nothing in
the plan of the house or garden that may not be realized
by a family living upon a very small income, provided the
memliers of the family are persons of some taste and
I'efinement, who appi-eciate the value and pleasure of such
a residence sutRciently to take a strong personal interest in
it. Tlie master of the premises we shall suppose capable
of managing the kitchen garden, the fi-uit trees, the grass,
and the whole of the walks, himself, with perhaps the
assistance of a common gardener or laboring man for a day
or two, at certain seasons of the year. Tlie mistress and
lier daughter, or daughters, w^e shall suppose to have suffi-
cient fondness for flowers to Ije willing and glad to spend,
three times a week, an hour or two in the cool morniiis's
and evenings of summer in the j^leasiug task of planting,

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 39

tying to neat stakes, picking off decayed flowers, and
I'emoving Aveeds from the borders, and all other operations
that so limited a garden may require.

A love for these floral occupations, so simple and so
natural, that in all times and countries they have been the
delight of the highest as Avell as the lowest, insensibly
gains upon us as we become interested in tlie gro\\i;h of
jdants and the development of the varied forms of beauty
and grace with which every leaf, tendril, and blossom is
replete ; and the exercise involved in the pursuit thus soon
becomes, also, a source of pleasure and mental satisfaction,
and is not, as iu many other cases, an irksome duty per-
formed for the preservation of bodily health.

40 COTTAGE KESLDENCES.

DESIGN II.

A Cottage in the English or Rural Gothic Style.

TiiE object in view in designing this cottage is internal
convenience. There are many families mainly composed
of invalids, or persons advanced in years, who have a
strong j)reference for a plan giving the kitchen, and at
least one bed-room, upon the same floor with the living
rooms, and in which there is little or no necessity for
ascending or descending stairs ; an exercise which, thougli
of little consequence to the young and robust, is of all
others the most fatiguing to the infirm, or those in delicate
health.

A glance at the plan of the first floor, opposite. Fig. 10,
will show how we propose to i-ealize this kind of accom-
modation in this dwelling. The kitchen is a wing, added
iu the rear, of one story in height. The situation on which
this dwelling is j)laced has a prosj)ect in one du'ection
only, and the front, sho^vn in the elevation, commands this
view, the rear being nearly hidden by trees. On this front
are situated two pleasant apartments, each 1 7 by 20 feet,
opening fi'om the vestibule or entrance hall by large double
doors, which, when fully opened, will throw these two
rooms and the vestibule into one large apartment. Some
elegance is conferred on the parlor by the bay window,
after the old English mode, projecting on the right side,
which is balanced by a double window oj^posite in the
dining-room. "We would recommend the employment of a
few large windows in the princijxal apartments, as there is

COTTAGE KESIDENCES. 41

an appearance of pettiness, and a want of breadtli, in
rooms full of little wdndows, whicli is so common a feature
in our country houses. It is always preferaljle, also, to
light a room fi-om two sides only, rather than three, as
nothing is more unfavorable to the effect of interiors than
cross lights proceeding fi'om every direction.

The li\-ing-room, or library, commands a pantry of con-
venient size, in the rear of which is a closet opening into
the hall. This hall is of ample size to serve as a dining-
room, and this disposition would doubtless be preferi'ed
during at least part of the year, as it would allow the
apartment on the left to l^e devoted entii'ely to a library.
To make an entrance hall a dining apartment, is a very ob-
jectionable, though not unusual mode, as visitors, chancing
to call at the dinner liour, cannot Ije shown into the parlor
Avithout passing the table, and perhaps discomjiosing the
whole family. But in the present case, the door being
closed between the entrance or vestibide and the dininsr
hall, the table, «, and persons seated about it, would l)e
completelj' private. There is a glazed back door opening
to the rear of the house, near the left angle of this hall,
and a door opening into the kitchen passage, Z», on the
right, and tlie hall also receives light from the windo\\'
over this dooi", in the second story. This passage is formed
by running a solid partition across the kitchen building,
so as to admit of two doors, in order to prevent smells ;
one, an ordinary door opening into the hall, and the other
a fly or spring door opening into the kitchen. This par-
tition also gives room for the introduction of two con-
venient closets, one for the kitchen, and another for the
bedroom.

In the plan of the second floor, Fig. 11, we have two
large and two small bedrooms. There is a dressing-room

42

COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

and closet communicating with the small bed-room on the
left, and a closet for linen opening into the hall. The
cellar plan is not given, as this would be very simple, and
■\v(nild probably not be required larger than the main
building. Access would be had to it by steps going down

SECON D

FLOOR

Fig. 11.

under the stone platform of the stoop on which the hall,
back door, and the kitchen door open; and by stairs
descending under the ascending staircase in the hall.

The elevation of this cottage is in the English cottage
style, so generally admired for the picturesqueness evinced
in its tall gables ornamented by handsome verge-boards
and finials, its neat or fanciful chimney-tops, its latticed
windows, and other striking features, showing how the
genius of pointed or Gothic architecture may be chastened
or moulded into forms for domestic habitations. The steep
roofs are highly suitable for a cold country liable to heavy
snows. A very pleasing mode of covering roofs of this
kind is shown in the elevation, and the effect i-i produced

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 43

l)y j)rocuring the shingles of e(|ii;il size, and cutting the
lower ends before laying tliem on, in a semi-hcxagou or
semi-octagon sljape, so that when laid upon the roof these
figures will be regularly produced.

The English cottage style will admit of great irregu-
larity and pictm-esqueness of outline, and is productive of
beautiful effects when the composition forms a large group
of building. In the present example we have only been
able to show one of the simplest of its forms, which, how-
ever, is not destitute of expression of style. In the
English examples a veranda is rarely seen, as the damp-
ness of their climate renders such an appendage scarcely
necessaiy. But its great utility in our hot summers makes
it indispensable to every house, and we have introduced it
on the entrance front, as affording in this position shelter,
])i"ospect, and an agreeable promenade. Over the porch is
a pleasant balcony for the pointed window in the galjle.
As the spirit of Gothic architecture lies in vertical lines, a
long unbroken horizontal line of veranda would destroy or
mar the architectural character of the cottacje.

We have, therefore, made the veranda two or three feet
shorter at each end than the front, and have further broken
the horizontal line, by the porch balcony, to the window in
the fi'out gable.

One of the most characteristic and beautiful features in
rural Gothic architecture is the ornamental chimney shaft,
sometimes rising singly, sometimes in clusters from the
j'oof ; often plain and scpiare, or octagonal, but frequently
wreathed and moulded in the most picturesque mannei-.
The finest specimens of the old English chimneys are built
of bricks, cast in moulds for the pur]>ose, or stami^ed with
ornaments. These bricks were imtil lately so highly taxed
in Enghxnd as to render them as expensive as cut stone,

44 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

Ijut tliey may be made very cheaply here.* AVe liave
built neat cliiuiney shafts in an octagonal form of common
brick.-*, by cutting them with a trowel in the desired form,
and rubbing the faces smooth on a hard sand-stone before
laying them; but this is more expensive thau to employ
bi-icks ready moulded for the purpose. Chimney-tops of
artificial stone in handsome forms may also be had of
various manufacturers in our princii)al cities, but they will
seldom stand our trying climate at the north.

Construction. — This cottage should be built of brick and
cement, colored in imitation of Bath or Portland stone ; or
of amootli brick, colored after some of the soft neutral
tints described in a former page; or of quarried stone.
The window-frames, the porch, and veranda, and the verge
board, may be made of good seasoned wood, painted tlie
same color as the walls, and sanded; or they may be
grained in imitation of oak. Real oak would be preferable
whei'e economy is not an object. The label or drip-stones
to the window may be made of moulded briclc, or cut free-
stone, after Fig. 25, of the next design. These windows
are latticed casement windows, the plan and section of
which are shown in Fig. 12.

In the gable. Fig. 13, the roof or cornice of which should
project at least twenty inches over the wall, is shown a
specimen of featliered tracery from one of the best
examples, with its pinnacle and pendant. This maybe cut
out of thick plank,f and if thought too elaborate, may l)e
sim])lified by omitting the minor details. If well executed
it will have a rich effect.

* We trust that by the time this volume is out of press, some of our brickmakera
will be able to offer moulded bricks of a variety of patterns, as the demand for
Buch is every day iucreasmg.

f Never (as is sometimes done by ignorant carpenters) out of inch boards.

(JOTTAGE EESIDENCES.

45

Fig. 13.

no. 13

The porcli and veranda are shown in detail in Fig. 14 ;
the detached portion on the right showing a part of the

Fio. 14.

veranda cornice, and that on the left a portion of the
clustered column. (The sections of which are seen at the
lower ends of the drawing.)

-IG

COrrAGK r.ESIDEXCES.

Fig. 15 shows a pair of cliiinney shafts in the old
English style, which may be had in artifi-
cial stone, or cast iron. A great variety
of forms are frequently collected together
in the same stack.

The shutters should be inside box shutters,
or shutter-blinds, painted and grained in
imitation of oalc.

Estimate. — The cost of this cottage in
brick and stucco (bricks at $4) would be
$4,500.

[This design has been executed in various
parts of the country — sometimes for a trifle
more, but in several instances for less than this estimate.
It has lately been very carefully carried out in a residence
on Staten Island, N. Y., with elaborate details, for
$4,800. — 4//i Edition.'] [At the present time the cost
of tliis cottage would be about $9,000. — Ed.]

LAYING OUT THE GARDEN OF DESIGN H.

The situation where it is proposed to build this cottage
is about a mile from a country town, and the area of sur-
face for the whole pui'pose is about an acre and a fourth.
This lot of ground is bounded by a street both in the front
and rear. The entrance is at a ; the dwelling at b ; the
stable at c. One-half of the whole surface, viz., that por.
tion represented by right-lined plots in the rear of the
hoiise, is devoted to a garden for fi'uits and vegetables, and
tlie whole remaining portion, comprising the space in front
and at the sides of the house, is laid out as a lawn, shrub-
bery, and flower-garden, in the picturesque manner. The
carriage road, leading to the front door and to the stable, ia

COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

46*

{^f^^^t4444-^ H/{ 4 rti r^vt^^N

ll'lli''

I

lli

,.«

1

,., ,„, IIBIP

iiiffi

i

'cji J <:> -.r'D

[liK. Iti.)

i

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 47

sliown at d ; e designates irregular beds cut in the turf, and
stocked with annuals and perennial flowers ; f, a thick
shrubbery belt, composed of syringos, mountain ashes, and
lilacs, intersi:)ersed with the Ijalsani fir and arljor vitie, to
give a cheerful appearance in winter. In the rear of the
kitchen are planted two or three hemlocks and larches.
Two plots of grass for bleaching and drying clothes are
shown at g.

In the ornamental garden before the house, the whole
surface, excepting the walks, and the flower-ljcds, c, is to
be laid down in turf and kept neatly mown. This turf will
give an appearance of much greater extent to tlie area than
it could possibly have by any other arrangement, while it
will be more agreeable to the eye tlirough the whole year
than any extensive disposition of parterre, or flower-beds,
directly under the eye. A fresh verdant lawn, vai-ied only
by walks and green trees, is a delightful ol)ject at all sea-
sons, and more especially in the juiddle of summer; while
at the latter period flower-beds have frequently a dry and
parched appearance, but poorly compensated for by the
brilliancy of a few j^lants in bloom, which scarcely hide
the surface.

The spiry-topped trees shown in these plots are chiefly
the European Larch and the Balsam Fu-, with one or two
White Pines, all of which harmonize w-ell Avith the archi-
tecture of the cottaofe. Amouir the round-headed trees we
will only particularize the Osage Oi'ange {Jlavlura cmraiv-
tiaca), the Umbrella Magnolia (J/ fn'petala), the Weep-
ing Ash (^Fraxinus excelsior penchda), and the Silver Ma-
ple (^Acer da$ycai'pu7n). Among the shiiibs forming little
thickets along the walks, we would introduce the Mezereon
and the Cornelian Cheny, the pink and yellow flowers of
which ajjpear in March ; the scarlet and blush Japau

i

48 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

Quince (^Cydonia Japonica)^ the pink and double wliite
HaAvthorns, and the purple and white fruited Strawberry
Tree (^Euonymiis eiiropens).

The walks should all be well gravelled; the carriage
road being first excavated twelve inches deep, and one-half
the depth on the bottom filled with small stones, in ordei-
to have it dry and firm at all seasons.

In the kitchen garden, the borders on the sides of the
central walk, Ji, are occupied by two rows of currants and
gooseberries. The currants are the Large White and Red
Dutch, and the Naj)les or Black English. [Add the
Cherr}", White Grape, Victoria, and Versaillaise. — o. d.]
The gooseberries are half a dozen of the best English sorts.
Both curi'ants and goosel)erries must lie kept well trimmed
and thinned, to admit the air freely to every part of the
plant, and the borders should be annually manured, as
they require a rich soil to produce large fruit. On one
side of the cross-walk, /, is a border devoted to raspberries,
and planted with the large Red Antwerp and the White
Antwerp, in eqnal qiiantities. [Omit the White Antwerp,
and add Orange and Franconla. — c. c]

Within the boundary fence of that half of the area
comprising the kitchen garden, is a border foui'teen feet
wide on the sides, and twice that width on the rear, de-
voted to a small niunber of choice fruits. The walk, _;', is
covered by an arl)or for gi-apes, and may contain, besides
the native sorts, Catawba, Isaliella, etc., a few vines of the
Royal Muscadine, Sweet Water, and Black July, which
are among the hardiest and most productive of the foreign
varieties. [Substitute for the gi'apes mentioned above, the
Delaware, Israella, Allen's Hybrid, lona, and the Mottled.
- — c. D.] Kearly all the foreign grapes requii-e much care
to Ije raised in the open aii-. For a year or two after they

COTTAGE RESIDEITCES. 49

come into bearing, the crops, it is generally remarked, are
good, and tlie fi-uit fair ; but in a iew seasons more tlie
mildew attacks the fruit, and fi-equently destroys every
bunch, or renders it wortliless. The most successful prac-
tice for out-of-door culture appears to consist in laying
down some of the long thrifty shoots each season, so as to
have every year, or eveiy other year, a succession of new
roots — destroying those that have borne two good crops,
and allowing the young rooted plants to take their place.
Lime and marl are excellent manui-es for the grape.

50 corrAuE kesidences.

DESIGN III.

A Cottage in the Pointed, or Tudor Style.

Tins edifice is designed for a situatiori on the bank of
one of our boldest rivers. From its site the eye wanders
over a richly cultivated country, dotted and sprinkled
with luxuriant groups of wood ; the wide, lake-like
e.\i)anse of water, the sails floating lazily on its bosom,
the tufted fringes of trees and shrubs in the foreground,
and the distant hazy summits of blue in the horizon, are
all fascinating elements of the beautiful, which make up
tlie ■sdew from the point of its location. As in many of
our finest natural situations for residences, nature has done
so much here to render the scene lovely, that it woiild
apjjear that man had only to borrow a few hints from the
genius of the place, and the home features would all be
rendered equally delightful. But how frecpiently do ■we
see those who seem incapable of reading the wide and
ever eloquent book of natural beauty, deforming its faij-
pages, written in lines of grace and softness, by rigid lines
and hard mathematical angles, only too j^hdnly indicative
of the most primitive and uncultivated perceptions. Let
us hojDe, by studying the character of the whole scene, to
succeed better in impi'oving a very small portion of it.

The arrangement of the cottage we propose for this
place, differs from the previous ones in having the i)rin-
cipal floor devoted almost entirely to pleasant ajjartments;
the kitchen being below, and the bed-rooms above stairs.
This renders the wliole air of the house somewhat elegant.

COTTAGE EESIDENCES. 51

A cottage like this, although of moderate size, in tlu-
hands of a family of taste, may be made to produce a
beautiful effect. While it is true, that

" Here no state chambers in long line unfold,
Bright with broad miiTors, rough ^vith fretted gold,
Yet modest ornament with use combined,
Attracts the eye to exercise the mind."

And while there are no superfluous and lu.xurious apart-
ments, nor anything requiring the attendance of a retinue of
servants, there is much here, compactly arranged, to render
a home pleasant and attractive. The neat and spacious
parlor, eighteen by twenty feet (see Fig. 18), is varied in
its outline by an old English bay-window, one of those
pleasant nooks, which, says Lord Bacon, " Ije pretty
retiring places for conference," and has also windows
opening quite to the floor of the veranda, and letting
in a full expanse of the bright green lawn, and tufts
of rich foliac'e that border it. This I'oom -would afford
some scope for the "faireladye" to exercise her taste in
a simple, elegant, and harmonious style of fitting and
furnishing ; not by bringing from the shops the latest and
most fashionable patterns of city chairs and tables, carpets
and sofas, — which, we are soriy to say, are in most cases
destitute of all appropriateness, and, in manj^, of all
intrinsic taste and beauty, — but by selecting articles
recommended by fitness in design, in order that they
may be in harmony with the character of tlic liouse,
and by a tasteful and oomfoi'table chai'acter, that tliey
may suit the more sinqile and unostentatious habits of
country life.

The dining-room is of equal size witli tlie drawing-i'oom,
and as the family who are to occupy this cottage villa live

.')2 COITAGE RESIDENCES.

in a ])leasant and social neigliborliood, and are in the habit,
occasionally, of entertaining a little party of their friends,
they thought it desii-able to make these rooms communi-
cate by sliding dooi's, in order that they may, on such oc-
casions be thrown into am;. The rooms will then have a
handsome effect, as the bay-window at the end of the par-
lor is balanced by a wide mullioned window at the end of
tlie dining-room opposite, and the whole space between
them is forty feet. For the convenience of the menage, ^ve
have located a neat pantry directly in contact with the
dining-room, and opening out of it, so that the china and
plate, or the little delicacies of thv. larder, may be under
the eye, or, what is better, under the lock and key of the
mistress. As the kitchen is below stairs, in the ordinary
mode the dishes will require to be brought iip the stairs
and across the staircase entry to reach the table. This is
somewhat objectionable, inasmuch as a hot dinner is likely
to become cooled in this long state of transition, the china
is liable to become broken by an occasional misstep, and
the privacy of the hall is unnecessarily intruded upon by
the repeated coming and going of the domestics arranging
the dinner. "VVe shall endeavor to remedy these difficulties,
by placing in the little space on the right hand of the door
opening from the dining-room to the pantry, what is called
a rising cupboard or dmnh waiter, which will be found a
more careful, more obedient and more unobtrusive " help "
than any other in the house. The actual size of this cup-
board need not be more than twenty inches by three and
a half or four feet, which will just occupy the space in the
pantry that is of little value for any other purpose. Or if
it should be thought desirable to have it a little wider, the
width may be increased by making a small recess in the
wall of the house. Fig. 19 shows the manner in which the

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 53

pantry may be finislicd ; the pantry being on the light
side, and the dumb waiter

(D W) on the left ; the cup-
board rising in the pantry to
the height of three feet, and
descendina: throuijh the floor

Fic. 19.

to the closet in the kitchen. The mode of constructing
this is shown in the details of this design, Fig. 2S.

It will be seen on examining the plan of the principal
floor, that by placing the stairs in a separate passage com-
municating with the principal hall, this hall is left free
and unencumbered, and is in fact a pretty little ante-room,
twelve by sixteen feet. This is doubly ad\-antageous, as
the servants are enabled to go from the basement to the
chamber story without passing through the principal hall ;
thus making this single staircase to serve the purposes, in
a great measui'e, of the two frequently seen in the ■s'illas,
viz., the stairs in the hall used by the family, and the
private stairs chiefly used by the domestics. From this
passage also there is a private, or side entrance to the
house, by an outer door. The liall is lighted by two small
windows in the sides and by the semi-glazed door, as shown
in the perspective elevation.

AVe have as yet said nothing of the neat little library
on the right of the hall, twelve by fourteen feet in its
dimensions, where

" Selected sliclves shall claim our studious hours."

But there is no portion of the house whicli, to a man fond
of those most cheei-ful and never tiresome comjianidiis,
good books, is more peculiarly the sanction or "own room"
than the lilirary, whether it be small or large. This,
though small, is sufficiently ample to contain all the hest

54 COITAGE KESIDENCES.

l)Ooks ever written ; large enoiigh for a comfortable niddy
fire iu a damp or cold wintry day, and for an amide library
round-table furnislied with the necessary materials for
■writing and correspondence of all kinds. The gentleman
^v•ho is to occupy this cottage has, besides the few acres on
which this residence is erected, a farm where he practises
agriculture in an amateur manner, and on his libraiy
shelves may therefore be found a few choice works on
rural economy, such as "Loudon's Encyclopaedias," "Low's
Practical Agriculture," "Allen's American Farm-Book," and
a number of others of similar character, and on the table
lie the last numbers of our most valuable and interesting
agricultural periodicals. The library, being fitted iip in a
plain and simple mannei', answers admirably also as an
office, into which persons who call to see the master of
the house on business are readily shown from the hall
without disturbing the family, ^vho are occupying the
dining-room or parlor.

The veranda, or umbrage, which is entered by windows
opening to the floor of the two principal apartments, is a
cool and shady place for a promenade, and, we need hardly
repeat, coiumands the most delightful views, as this is the
liver fi-ont of the house.

In the plan of the second floor, Avhich is before us, are
accommodations for the family and their guests. Fig. 20,
consisting of four excellent sleeping apartments, each with
a small closet attached. Two of these are of ample size ;
and as it might be desirable to many to have iu them a
gi'eater amount of closet room, it may be easily obtained
by making a double partition between these apartments,
which would allow of two large closets in the space thus
formed. The bed-room, twelve by twelve feet, over the
hall, is a pretty lodging apartment, opening through a

COTTAGE KESIDEXCES.

00

picturesque old Englisli oriel window on a halcony. The
staircase shown in this plan gives access to the attic, where
two servants' bed-rooms are located

SECOND

Fig. 20.

PLAN OF

BASEMENT

FXG. 21.

The basement accommodation, Fig. 21, shows an
entrance into the staircase passage by a descent of steps ; a

56 COTTAGE KESIDENCKS.

kitchen, and cellar of good dimensions, a servants' sleeping
room (-which may be made a laundry if preferred), and a
small store-room and wine-cellar conveniently located.

The exterior of this dwelling is designed after the old
English architectm-e of the Tudor era, a style replete with
interesting associations, as it is the genuine and most char-
acteristic mode of building long ago prevalent in the
finest country-houses of England, associated by "lay and
legend ten times told " with all that is brightest and
noblest in the histoiy of our mother country. It is highly
picturesque, abounding in the finest specimens with a rich
variety of gables, tiurets, buttresses, towers, and orna-
mental chimney-shafts, which form striking and spirited
objects in domestic architectiu'e, and harmonize agreeably
with the hills and tree-tops, and all the intiicacy of out-
line in natural objects. And finally the irregularity of its
outlines, admitting future additions with facility, the sub-
stantial and permanent expression of its exterior, and the
beauty and comfort indicated in the richness, variety, and
size of its windows, all point out the old English style, in
its various modifications, as admirably adapted by beauty
and fitness for domestic purposes in a cold climate.

This cottage being of very moderate size, neither
demands, nor would with propriety admit, a profusion of
ornament, and we have, indeed, for the sake of economy,
made it assimie a character and a degree of decoration
comparatively simple, still, however, preserving a very
marked and distinct expression of the style. If we analyze
its leading featm-es, we shall find that character is con-
ferred chiefly by the windows and the chimney-tops, the
two most essential and characteristic features of dwelling-
liouses, as contrasted with l)uildings for any other pur-
poses ; and to whi(;h, as such, decoration should always be

^

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 57

first applied ratlier than to any less essential or superadded
features ; for example, to columns or a colonnade. Cliiiii-
ney tops, since we cannot dispense with them, should
always be rendered ornamental, botli Ijecause strongly
expressive of comfort, no house being tolerable in a cold
climate without fires, and on account of their occupying
the highest part of the building, and therefore being most
likely to strike the eye agreeably, if appropriate, or ofEend
it if ugly and unshapely in form. AVe have shown in this
design one of the simplest forms of old English chimneys,
many of which are extremely beautiful.*

An edifice in this style should be built of none but the
most solid materials. Stone would be the most appropriate,
as it has a substantial and durable character in keeping
with the style, and next to this brick, or brick covered
with the best cement, would be most suitable. To erect a
dwelling in this style of so light and frail a material as
wood, under any circumstances, would be a complete viola-
tion of good taste, as there would be an entire discordance
or incongruity between the style adopted and the material
employed. Where wood is the only material within our
reach, some lighter and more suitable style should be
adopted, and the result will then undoubtedly be more
satisfactory.

A solecism in taste which we have several times wit-
nessed -with pain in this country, and -which we will there-
fore caution oui' readers and the occupant of this ct>ttage
against, is the introduction of green Minds, or VenetiaTi
shutters, upon a Iniilding in the pointed, or the English
cottage style. This kind of shutter, applied to the out-

* By an error in the engraving, the base of each stack of chimneys in the eleva-
tion of this design is made to appear too low ; a more correct proportion is shov\-n

in the details, Fig. 15.

58 COTTAGE nEsiDr.iSrcT:s.

side of buildings, belongs properly to the Venetian, Tuscan,
oi- Italian villas, wLere the architecture is lighter and more
faufiful, and the windows are freqiiently mere openings
for the circulation of air ; but to cover a handsome or
quaint old English window, enriched by decorative mul-
lions and ^vindow-heads, with, an outside shutter belonging
to a totally difEerent style of l)uilding, and painted a
hriijlit green^ is as revolting to a mind imlnied with correct
principles of taste, as to cover the veneraljle head of a
staid gentleman of the old school witb the flaunting head-
dress of an Italian peasant girl. Outside shutters of any
description are l)arely admissible in this style of architec-
tiu'e, as they conceal one of the chief sources of interest in
the exterior. But as tlie walls are thick, inside shutters,
or even inside blinds, are easily introduced. The latter
may be made to fold into window casings like ordinary
box shutters, where they will serve the pui'poses of both
shutters and blinds, and will be fouud more convenient
and more apjaropriate than outside blinds, without violat-
ing correct principles of art.

The interior of this cottage may be finished in a very
simple manner. But the effect will be far more consistent
and satisfactory if some attention is paid to keeping up
the pointed, or old English character, in the finish of at
least the principal apartments. This may be done without
incurring any extra expense, merely l)y employing Gothic
or pointed mouldings and details in the trimmings of the
doors and windows, the forms of the cornices and chimney
pieces. As there are now numerous examples of this style
of dwelling in the Middle States, there will be little or no
difficidty in procuring the necessary forms of designs,
moulds, and planes for a cottage of this kind. A person
whose taste is sufiiciently cultivated to induce him to desire

COTTAGE EESIDENCES. 59

sucli a dwelling as this, will naturally inform himself of
the actual effect, both as regards the interior and exterior
finish, by inspection of the best example of the style within
his reach ; or, for a small sura, he may obtain from an
architect the working di-awings necessary for the com-
plete execution of the whole, by the builders employed, in
the most correct manner.

A harmonious and pleasing effect is produced in houses
in the old English style, by painting and graining the
wood-work in imitation of oak or black walnut. This is
partly owing, no doubt, to the allusion thus awakened in
the mind to the " old oaken wainscots," always so charac-
teristic a feature in the antique houses in this style, but
partly, also, to the mellow and furnished look which the
warm and dark tone of the wood gives to the apartments.
In an economical point of -s-iew, it has also the great recom-
mendation of being kept clean and bright Avith one-
twentieth part of the labor expended in maintaining
wood-work, painted white, in its original pmity.

Details. — In the construction of a cottage in the pointed I

style, attention should be paid to a imity of design in all
2>art3 of the building. One of the most essential jM'inciples
in this style is the recognition of the arch, in some manner,
in all the principal openings. In pul)lic buildings, all
windows and doors terminate upward in the pointed arch ;
in domestic architecture this would often be inconvenient,
as in the case of windows in apartments on the first floor,
where inside shutters are required. The Avindows are
generally therefore square-headed, but the principle of the
arch appears in the moulded window tracery.

In Fig. 22 is shown a small portion of the veranda on
the river front, with its appropriate columns, and the arch-
way between.

GO

COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

Fig. 22.

A portion of the balcony to the oriel window is sho-SYn
in Fio-. 23. In Fio-. 24, is shown one of the doi'mer

Fig. 33.

Fig. 24.

windows of the front elevation. For tJie section and plan
of the lower windows, see Fig. 12, of Design I.

The section or profile of the land, or lintel of
the window, is shown in Fig. 25 ; and that of
tlie wall-coping, in Fig. 26 ; both to the scale of
half an inch to a foot.
A stack of chimneys suitable for this cottage is
shown in Fig. 27, which maybe built of brick ; the chimney

Fig.

COTTAGE KESIDENCES.

61

tops being eight feet liigli above the base or square platform.
The flues may be square or semicircular within (the latter is
preferable), aud ten or twelve inches in diameter. Circular
flues are easily formed by building round a cylinder of tin,
which is worked upwards by turning it with the hand as
the chimney is carried up. The interior of the flue next
the cylinder is covered with mortar in l)uilding, and the
gradual withdrawal of the cylinder upwards leaves a
smooth plastered sui-face.

Fig. 2G.

Fig. 27.

Njfx

=W

Fig. 28.

i'

>KV~-iS^

A section showing the construction of the rising cup-
board, or dumb waiter, is shown in Fig. 28. In this
section the floor of the pantry is indicated at f, the portion
above beins: enclosed in a sort of sideboard or closet in
the pantry, and the part below in a similar closet in the
basement. At a, is the cupboard with throe slielves. This
cupboard, with the dishes it -ndll contain, is balanced by

()2 COTTAGE KESIDEJTCES.

tlie "weight, c, at tlie cud of a rope, passing over tlie
pulleys, />, wLich are attaclied to the top of the cupboard.
This, -with a slight impetus, sends the loaded cu2jboard up
to the toj); it is di'awu down by a small wheel and crank,
(J, ^\■ith a similar cord or leathern strap attached to the
Ijottom of the cujiboard. This wheel and crank are fixed
firmly at the bottom of the trunk in which the cupboard
moves, and about a foot and a half above the floor of the
kitchen. The top of the trunk, or that part above the
floor, y, is disguised and rendered ornamental by the neat
sideboard or closet covering it, which opens in front to
allow the dishes to be taken out.

Estimate. — If this cottage is built of lirick and stucco,
"vvith cut stone labels to the windows,-aud finished in a
consistent and appropriate, though simple manner in the
interior, it will cost about §3,500. Built of quarried
stone, where the latter is not abundant, it would probably
cost $4,800. [This cottage would cost $7,000 in Inick,
and if built of stone would cost $8,500 to $9,000.— En.]

THE GROUNDS OF DESIGN IH.

The situation of the groimd, four acres in extent, upon
which this dwelling is to be erected, Ave have already
pai'tly described. It is nearly a parallelogram, one end of
Avhich borders the public road and the other is bounded
l)y the river. In its original state, before operations were
commenced, the place appeared only a simj^le meadow, the
land of fair quality, and the surface level, or nearly so,
between the road and the site of tlie house, but sloping
ofE to the river, in some parts gently, and in others more
abruptly, about one hundred feet beyond the veranda on the
i-iver side of the house, at 7i, Fig. 29. The best soil for a

COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

63

garden appeared to be on the left of the property, and we
accordingly located the kitchen garden, /, and the orchard
of choice fruits, ^, in tliis quarter.

Fig. 29.

As it was not thought desirable by the OAvner of tliis
place to expend much in keeping the place in order, be-
yond what labor might be required in the kitchen garden.

G4 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

few walks are introduced, except such as are actually-
necessary or convenient. Of these the most essential in
every place is the entrance road, or Approach, b^ which
leaves the public road, in this example, at a, that point
being indicated as most suitable by the situation of the
ground, and by the shelter and effect which will be given
to the entrance gate by two or three large trees found
growing there. There is a gravelled area in front of the
house, upon which carriages may turn, and at the exti'emity
of this road are the stable, d, and stable yard, e. Next to
tlie Approach, the most desiralde walk is one for exercise,
leading over more secluded parts of the place, or to spots
enjoying beautiful or extensive prospects. In a place of
small extent, it is desirable to have this walk as lons^ as
possible, which is generally effected by making the circuit
of the space offered, keeping at such a distance from
boundary fences that they may not be obtrusive. Such a
walk is shoAvn at /, which, leaving the veranda on the
y'wqy front of the house, proceeds in easy cui'ves, shaded
by occasional groups of trees, over the whole area between
the house and the river.

On the right of the house, looked out uj^on from the
bay-window of the parlor, is a small area of smooth tui-f,
surrounded by the walk, h, and containing some irregular
beds and circles, cut in the turf, devoted to choice flowers.
At I, on the left, is a cori-esponding walk, serving the
purpose of connecting the two principal walks, Avhich is
thickly bordered with ornamental shrubbery. With the
exception of a few vines on the veranda, and shrubs near
the house, these two small walks, with their accompani-
ments of flowers and shrubs, comprise all the ornamental
details of the place requiring much care. All that por-
tion of the grounds between the public road and the line

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. G5

h, is in lawn or grass, and is kept short by repeated mow-
ings during summer. At h is a slight paling fence,
rendered inconspicuous by painting it dark green. This
fence follows the lower line of the ridge, and from the
house is not visible, on account of the slope of the ground
just above that line; the fence being six or eight feet
below the level of the platform on which the house stands.
The area embraced between this fence and the river is also
in grass, but which here, however, is kept short by the
pastnrage of a cow, or a few sheep.

Instead of this fence of pales a sunh fence or lia-lia
might be preferred, and where stone is abundant it would
not be more expensive. The construction of such a fence
will be easily imderstood by referring to the accompanying
section, Fig. 30, in which a is the level of the ground,

Fig. 30.

falling off gradually at b, where a wall thi-ee feet and a
half deep, ojien on the side facing the declining surface,
would form an effectual protection against cattle on the
lower side. It is evident from the section shown here, that,
to a person standing at a, the fence and depressed surface at
its bottom not being seen, there would be no apparent bar-
rier or interruption to the view across the whole space to
the river. Such a fence, it should be remarked, must, as in
the present case, run across the surface to be looked over,
and not in any direction parallel to the line of vision. In
5

00 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

commencing the description of this place, it Avas remarked
that the few fine trees already growing on it gave it a
considerable degree of character. The majority of these
Avere oaks and chestnuts of good size, and as the expression
of dignity and picturesqueness inherent in these trees is in
excellent keeping with the style of this dwelling, it will
1»(' advisable to maintain tlie character by i)lanting chiefly
roinid-headed trees, rather than drooping trees like the
elm, which are mainly expressive of gracefulness. Near
the house, a few Larches and Hemlocks ai-e also intro-
duced, as the spirited forms of these trees, contrasted
with the round-headed ones, will add to the pictui'esque
character of the architecture.

At the end of this section we shall give a list of the
finest ornamental trees, classed according to height and
other qualities, and another of shrubs, from which selec-
tions may be made for planting this and other designs.
We shall, in relation to these, only remark at present that,
in order to insure a ra])id and vigorous growth to these
ti-ees, the holes, previously to planting them, should be
thoroughly prepared by throwing out the soil two feet in
depth, and from three to six feet in diameter, and mixing
it intimately with a plentiful supply of compost or well-
rotted manure, before returning it to the holes in planting.
When a tree is planted in the ordinary manner without
preparation, from the poverty of the soil, and the closeness
of those portions of it adjacent to the roots of the newly
moved tree, it requires a year or two to recover from the
removal, and advances afterwards in its growtli only in a
feeble aud tardy manner. On the other hand, where the
holes are carefully prepared, the soil furnished with a
plentiful supply of niitrimcnt, and rendei'ed loose and
easily permeable by the light and air, as well as by the

COTTAGE KESIDEIfCES. G7

roots, the newly transplanted tree soon establishes itself,
and makes rapid and luxuriant shoots. In many soils it
will be found that this previous preparation will insure
a growth more than four times as vigorous as that
resulting from the usual hasty and careless mode of
planting without preparation ; and it is therefore better
policy, where efEect is speedily desired, to plant a few
trees in the best manner, than a great number in the
ordinary careless mode.

Another very erroneous practice, of fi-equent occurrence
with planters of little exjjerience in the United States,
consists in planting the tree too deep. This is not only to
the eye contrary to nature, and in violation therefore of
correct taste, but it is destructive to the health of the
tree, by placing the mass of young roots below the genial
influence of the atmosphere. Treated in this manner, trees
will frequently struggle against the adverse situation for
years, without ever attaining any considerable degree of
luxuriance.

If we observe a tree growing in a natural state after it
has attained some size, we must at once remark that the
base of the trunk, or that part nearest the ground, is much
larger than the same trunk a few inches above ; and that,
in consequence of the development of roots just below this
point, the tree appears to stand on a base a little elevated
above the level of the ground above it. This gives it an
appearance of strength and dignity, and connects it, ])y a
natural transition, with the sui"face around it. Now a
tree, however large, ^xhich has been planted too deep,
presents no appearance of this kind, but rises out of tin-
level ground without any base, in a manner jirefisely
similar to a post. In order to jirevent this ajipearance,
it is advisable, in planting, to set out the trees on a hillock,

68 COTTAGE KESIDENCKS.

a few inches raised above tlie surface, in order that they
may, when the ground settles about them, have a natural
appearance to the eye, and that the roots may also be
placed in the most favorable condition.

We have arranged the trees to be planted on the lawn,
in this design, as in most of the others, in the natural style
of landscape gardening — that is, with a view to the i)r()-
duction of natui'al beauty. This is effected by planting
the trees in irregular groups, or singly, in a manner some-
what similar to that in which they occur in nature,
avoiding straight lines and parallel rows, because such
lines indicate a formal art, never found in natui-al land-
scape. At the same time, the effect will be not the less
indicative of elegant art, which will be evinced — 1st, In
the employment of many exotic trees, or those obviously
not natives of this jsart of the country, as the Horse
Chestnut, or the European Linden ; 2d, In the space
allowed for the trees to develop themselves fully in tlie
lawn from A to », and in the nioi'e park-like forms whicli
they will therefore assume in time ; and 3d, In the manner
in \v']iich these trees are arranged.* The latter consists in
concealing all objects which would not add to the beauty
of the scene by an irregular plantation, as, for exam])le,
the fence of the kitchen garden at m, or the outbuildings
at d J in planting the borders of the Approach, and of
all walks, so as to give an obvious reason (when none
other exists) for the curves of such walks, as well as to
shade or shelter them ; and in contrasting these plantations
by broad open glades of turf, n. On the river side of the

* Ijandscape jfardcniiig, as an art, docs not consist, as many seem to suppose, in
producing a. counterfeit of nature, but iu idmUzlng natural beauty in a lawn,
park, or garden.

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. fiO

liouse, the trees should be so arranged as not to shut out
any important portion of the prospect.

It is preferred in this design not to have any spot espe-
cially devoted to a flower-garden, but in its place to assemble
a showy and select collection of flowers, in beds dug in the
tui-f, bordering the walk Ic, near the house. lu this way
the flowers are larought near the house, and their beauty
enjoyed, without destroying the simplicity and general
effect of the place by cutting off a sej^arate place for a
flower-garden.

In laying out the kitchen garden, _/, the border within
the boundary is devoted to fiaiit trees, as designated on
the plan, with the exception of a small space in the comer
adjoining the stable yard, e, for hot-beds. There is a sepa-
rate entrance for a cart or wagon to this yard, or to the
kitchen garden, by a road on the left of the kitchen gar-
den. The interior of the latter is left free for OTowincc
vegetables ; and a select collection of fi'uit is planted in
the small orchard, g. This little orchard, together with
the border set apart in the kitchen garden, if planted with
the selection of fi'uit trees, seventy-f oui' in number, given for
this purpose in a succeeding page, will furnish a moderate
supply to the family, through the greater part of the year.
They are to be cultivated as standards, unless the proprie-
tor prefers training them in the kitchen garden as espaliers,
and the ground in the orchard, </, is to be devoted to pota-
toes, beets, tui'iiips, or other roots, both for the piu'pose of
turning the ground to account, and of promoting the growth
of the trees.

70 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

List of the finest hardy Ornamental Trees of foreign a/nd
native growth, for planting in groups and masses.

CLASS I.

Deciduous Trees of the largest size, and of very rapid groioth.

Cut-leaved Aldci' Alims laciniata.

Norway Blaple Acer platanoides.

Sugar do do. saccharinum.

Silver do do. dasycarjmm.

Country do do. campestre.

Purple do do. japonicum, atro-purpureum.

i^arge Leaf Maple do. macrophyllum.

Hawk's Foot do dn. laciiiiatum.

Variegated Leaf Maple do. foliis varieyatis.

Variegated Ash Leaf j\Iaple do. negundo variegata.

Catalpa C'atitlpa syringwfuUa.

Spanish Chestnut Ca.Htniifa. vesca.

European Ash Fraxinui excelsior.

Aucuba Leaf Ash do. auciiba folia.

Silver Leaf do do. argentea.

Pendulous do do. pendida. .

Aniciiean White Ash do. americana.

Three-Tliorned Acacia Gledilschia triacantJios.

Tulii) Tree Liriodendron tulipifera.

European Larch Larix curopcm.

American do do. microcarpa.

Gi'ithth's do do. Griffithii.

False do Pseudo larix Jcempferi.

Oriental Plane, or Sycamore Platamis oric7italis.

Lombardy Poplar Populus dilitata.

Silver Leaf Aspen or Abele do. alba.

Cotton Wood do. do. angulata.

Yellow Locust Iiohinin pseud-aaicia.

Weeping Willow Sidix liahylonicn.

Huntington do do. alba.

American Linden Tilia glabra.

European do do. curapaa.

I

COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

n

Red-twigged Linden

American Wliite or Drooiiing Elm

Scampston

do.

Camijcrdown

do.

Variegated

do.

Pui'ple

do.

English

do.

Dutch or Cork-barked Elm.
Scotch or Wych Elm

TiUa rubra.
Ulmus americana,
do. scampstonii.
do. camperdovmicrmn.
do. foliis varifitjatis.
do. purjmrca.
do. campnstris.
. do. suherosa.
. do. montana.

CLASS IL
Deciduous Trees of largest size, and of moderate growth.

White Horse Chestnut JEsculus hippocastanum.

Scarlet Maple Acer rubrum.

Sycamore Majile do. pseudo-platanus.

Scotch Weeping Bu-ch Betula alba pendula.

Cutleaf do. do. laciiiiata.

American Beech Fagus amcricann.

Purple Leaf Beech do. purpurea.

Copper Leaf do do. ferrugiaiut.

Crested Leaf do do. cristala.

Weeping do do. pendiila.

Tom Leaf do do. asj)Jenifulia.

Kentucky Coffee-Tree Gymnocladus canadensis.

Sassafras Laurus sassafras.

Liquid Amber or Sweet Gum Liquid amber styracifiua.

Cucumber Magnolia Magnolia acuminata.

American Wliite Oalc Quercus alba.

American Scarlet do do. coccinea.

Overcup Oak do. macrocarpa.

English do do. robnr.

Lucombe's Seedling Oak do. lucornbeaTM,

Willow-leaved do do. jj/teMo.r.

American. Cypress Taxodium disticltam.

Weeping do do. pendulum.

CLASS IIL
Deciduous Trees of medium size and rapid growth.

Buckeye or Western Horse Chestnut. . .Pavia rubra.
Pale Yellow Horee Chestnut do. flavia.

72 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

Weeping Ash Fraxinns excelsior pendula.

Unil)rclla Jlaijnulia Mar/noKa tripctala.

Large-leaved Jlugiiolia do. maorophijUa.

Osage Orange Madura atirantiaca.

Doul)lc--Flowering Cherry Gerasus flore pleiio.

Kinglet Willow Salix ann^daris.

American Weepmg Willow do. americana pendula.

Kilmarnock do. do. Tcilmarnoch.

Rosemary do. do. roaemarifolia.

Wahoo Elm Ulmus alata.

CLASS IV.

Deciduous Trees of medium size, moderate growth.

Papaw or Western Custard Apple Anona triloba.

Hcd Bird or Judas Tree Cercis canadensis.

White Flowering Dogwood Comns Jlorida.

Variegated do do. iiariegata.

Blood Red do do. sanrjuinea.

Scotch Lalmrnum Cytissis alpinus.

Persimmon or American Medlar Dyospii'us virginiana.

Yellow Jlagnolia Magnolia cordata.

Chandelier Magnolia do. conspicua.

Soulange's Purple Magnolia do. soulangeana.

Norberti's do. do. noriertiana.

Broad-leaved Euonymous Euonymovs latifolia.

Sour Gum Nyssa rillosa.

Paper Birch Betula jiapyracea.

.Japan Ginko Tree SahiJmria adiantifolia.

European Mountain Ash Sorbus aucuparia.

American do. do. americana.

Hardy Evergreen Trees.

SPRUCE FIKS.

Norway Spruce Fir Abies picea.

Double Black Spruce Fir do. nigra.

Hemlock Fir do. canadii'iisi.i.

Douglas Fir dn. Douglasii.

Clamljrasils Fir. do. clambrasiliana.

Compact do do. compacta.

COTTAGE KESIDENCES,

75

Eleganta Fir. Ahies ekgani.

Finedons do do. finedonieniis.

Weeping do do. inverta.

Monstrous do do. monstrosa.

Dwarf do do. pumila.

Pigmy do do. pygmaa.

Hooker's do do. hoTceriana.

Oriental do do. orientalis.

Vigorous do do. firma.

SILVER FIRS.

Lovely Silver Fir Picca amdbilis.

American do do. hnlsamea.

Cephalonican, or Mount Enos Fir do. ccphalonica.

Frazier's Silver Fir do. frazeri.

Majestic do do. grandis.

California do. do. lasciomrpa.

Noble do do. nobilis.

Kordman's do do. nordmaniana.

Common English Silver Fir do. pecti/iata.

Siberian do do. pichta.

Spanish do do. pinsapo.

Balsam or Balm of Gilead Fir do. iahayii^a.

White or Weymouth Pine Pinus strohvs.

Yellow do do. variabilis.

Austrian do do. austriaca.

Bentham's do do. hentJiamiana.

Lofty do do. excelsa.

California do do. fremontiana.

Lambert's do do. larnbertiana.

Corsican do do. lnriao.

Ponderous do do. poTuLerosa.

Spanish do do. pyrenaica.

Snow do do. nivea.

Sabine's do do. sabininna.

Umbrella do sciadopiti/s verticillata.

English Tew Taxus baccata.

Irish do do. hibern ira.

Short-leaf do do. culpressa.

Golden do do. aurca.

Silver do do. argentea.

Erect do do. erecta.

74

COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

Fortune's Yew C'epJialotoants fortunii.

The Yew-leaf Torryea Turryca taxifolia,

Californian do do. myrisika.

Chinese do do. f/i-andis.

American Arl)or Vitaj Thuya occidcntalU.

Crested do do. crestata.

Gigantic do d<i. t/igantea.

Weeping do do Jiliformis.

Golden do do. aurca.

Siberian do do. ^jZicato.

"Warren's do do. warreana.

Jajian do do. japonica.

do. do do. macrocarpa.

"Wootka Sound TliuiojJsis Thuiopsi.i Icrcalis.

.Japan do do. dolabrata.

Standish's do do. standhhii.

Cliarming do do. Direiis.

Lawson's Cypress CuprcsHUS laiosonil.

do. Erect Cyjiress do. do. erccta.

do. Graceful Cyin-css .... do. do. gradlis.

Cliinese .Juniper Juniperus chinensis.

Weeping do do. ohlonga pendula.

Nepaul do do. sqwamata.

Silver do do. gJiitirii.

Carpet do do. prostruta.

Retinospora Erkoides.

do Filifcra.

do. . ■ Leptoclada.

do. Ohtusa.

do. Pini'fcra.

do Auira.

do. Plumosa.

CLASS V.

Hardy Shruls growing from 0 to ^Qfeet liigh.

Hercules Club Aralia spinom.

Snow-Drop, or "White Fringe Tree Chionanthua mrginim.

Narrow leaved do. do. maritima.

Laburnum, or Golden Cliain Cytinma laburnum.

AVeeping do do. do. pendula.

COTTAGE KESIDEXCES. i 0

Tdlow Bladder Senna Culutea arhareicens.

Pink Flowering Hawthorn Crategus oxycantha, var.

New Scarlet do. do. do. var.

Douljle "Wliite do. do. do. flora plena

Cornelian Cherry Cornus mascula.

Euroisean Strawberry Tree, or Burn-
ing Bush Euonymus eurojxeug.

Wliite Fruited do. do. do. fructu alba.

Pm-ple Flowering do. do. atropurpureus.

American do. do. americanus.

Silver Bell Tree Halesia tetraptera.

Althea Frutex, or Rose of Sharon,

many sorts and colors Hibiscus syriaciLS.

Silvery Buckthorn Hippophm rJiamnoidcs.

Chinese Kolreuteria Kolreuteria panieulata.

Snowy Flowered Jlesinlus Mcspilus botryajnum.

Glaucous, or Swamp Magnolia Magnolia glauca.

Carolina large flowering Syringo Philadelphus grandiflorua.

Common Fragrant do do. atronarius.

Semi-double do do. semi-pleno.

Hop Tree, Ptelea trifoliata.

Venetian Sumac, or Pui-ple Fringe

Tree Ulins cotinus.

Shrubby Yellow Robinia UiMniafrutescens.

Silvery-leaved Shepherdia, or Buffalo

Berry Shplierdia argentea.

Three-leaved Bladder Nut Staphylea trifoliata.

White and Purple Lilacs I^yringa vulgaris.

White and Purple Persian Lilacs do. persijM.

Cut-leaved do. do. laeiniata.

French Tamarisk TanMrix gallica.

Snow-ball, or Guelder Rose .... Viburnum opuJus.

Wayfaring Tree do, lantana.

CLASS VI.

Hardy Shrubs growing from 1 to 6 or SfeH high.

Indigo Shrub Amorplia fruticosa.

Dwarf Wliite Horse Chestnut JEsculus macrostachya.

Groundsel Tree Buccharis halimifolia.

Sweet-Sceuted Shrub Calycaiithui floridus.

76 corrAGE residences.

Fragrant Clethra Clcthra alm/olia.

Paiiiclcd Flowered Cletlira do. paniculata.

Red Flowering Bladder Senna Colatea arborcscens.

Scorpion Senna Coroidlla emerus.

Bloody-twigged Dogwood Cornus sangidnca.

Cluster-flowered Cytissus Cytisaua capitatus.

Scarlet Japan Quince Cydonia jnjtanica.

Blush, or White do do. alba.

Pink Mezercon Daphne mezereum.

Wliite Mezereon Dapline in. album.

Oak-leaved Ilydrangea Ilyd.rangca quercifolia.

Heart-leaved Hydrangea Ilydrangea cordata.

Kalian Yellow Jasmine Jasminum humile.

Japan Yellow Globe Flower Kema japonica.

C'ommon Privet, or Prim Liijuntrum mdgare.

Tartarian or Tree Honeysuckle Lonicera tartariea.

White flowering do. do. alba.

Black-berried do. do. mgrum.

English fly do. do. Tylasteum.

Pink flowering Honeysuckle do. pulvei-ulenta.

Standish's do. do. StandisMi.

Dwarf Syringo PMladelphus vaims.

Shrubby Cinquef oil Potentilla fruncosa.

Double Purple Tree Poeony Pmonia moutan Banlsia.

Single Pink and Purple do do. papavcracea.

Double Rose-colored do du. rosea.

Rose Acacia livhi/ia Mspida.

Shrubby Caragana do. airagana.

Corymbose Spirea Spirca corymbom.

Sorb-leaved do do. sorbifolia.

Red flowering do do. tomentom.

Panicled do do. paniculata.

Pretty flowering do do. bella.

Fortune's do do. callosa.

do. white do d,o. alba.

Lance-leaved or Reevsi do do. lanceolata.

do. do. or double do. do do. do. Jl. pi.

Double flowering plum-leaved do do. prunifolia.

Nicondert Spirea do. nicondc.rti.

Germander-leaved Spirea do. cliammlrifolia.

Hawthorn-leaved do do. crenata.

Chinese do. do do. sinensh.

Elm do. do do. uhnifolia.

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 77

BillarcTs Rose Spii-ca Spirea Billardii.

St. Peter's Wreath do. hypericifolia.

Plaited Viburnum Viburnum plicata.

Suowberry (wliite fruit) Sympilioria racemom.

Indian Currant (red do.) do. glomerata.

Rose weigela Weigela rosea.

Splendid do do. amahalis.

Desbois's do do. Desboisii.

Variegated leaved do do. fol. ■variegata.

"White do do. alba.

Isoline do do. Isolinii.

Van Houte's do do. Van Houtii.

Profuse flowering do do. fioribunda.

Parsley-leaved yellow root Zanthoriza apiifolia.

Dwarf double- flowering Almond Amygdalis pumila.

do. white do do do. do. alba.

Purple-leaved Berberry Berberria purpurea.

Variegated-leaved Comus Cornus variegata.

Golden Bell Forsythia. Forsythia verdissima.

Rough-leaved Deutzia Deutzia scabra.

Slender-branched do do. gracilis.

Double crenate-leaved do do. crenatafiore plena.

Evergreen Shrubs.

Tree Box Biirus arborescent.

American Holly , Hex opaca.

European do., ratber tender at the rioriJi. do. aqui/olium.

Swedish Juniper Tuniperus suecia.

Common Laurel, or Kalmia Kalmia latifoUa.

American Rhododendi'on Rododendron maxirmim.

The following Rhododendrons, seedlings of Catawbiensis, are hardy: —

Album elegans. Pastuosum flore pleno.

Atropurpureum. Purpureuoi elegans.

Azurcum. Roseura elegans.

Bicolor. Pictum.
Delicatissimum. Standishii.

And the following newer Shrulis are desirable acquisitions to our gardens : —

Andromeda fioribunda. Mahonia Bealii.

Mahonia japonica. do. intermedia.

Berbcris Mahonia.

78

COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

Selection of very choice Fruits for tJui small Orchard of 74 trees.

CirEKKIKS.

1 Eaiglit's Early Black.

1 JIaydiike.

1 Taitai'ian.

1 Do^vncr's Late.

1 jCoe's Transparent.

1 Belle cVOrleans.

1 Kockport.

1 Bigan-eau of Mazel.

1 Kentish.

1 Keine nortense.

TEARS.

2 Bartletts.
2 Scckel.

2 l?cuiT(i Bosc.

1 Dearborn's Seedling.

1 Winter Nelis.

1 Bloodgood's Early.

1 Beun'6 d Anjou.

1 Lawrence.

1 Kostezier.

1 Tyson.

1 Sheldon.

1 Dana's Ilovey.

1 Doyenne d'Etg.

1 Beurr6 GifEart.

1 Manning's Elizabeth.

1 Doctor Reedcr.

PLUMS.

1 Coe's Golden Drop.

1 Washington.

1 Green Gage.

1 ImiK-rial Ottoman.

1 .Teilerson.

1 Reine Claude de Bavay.

1 McLauglilin.

1 Prince's Yellow Gage.

1 Transparent Gage.

1 Dennison's Superb.

1 Purple Favorite.

PEACHES.

2 George the Foui-th.
2 Early Newington.
2 La Grange.

1 Early York.

1 Large White Cling.

1 Crawford's Late.

1 Old Mison Freestone.

1 Troth's Early Red.

1 Large Early York.

1 Early Beatrice.

1 Newtown Pippin.
1 Yellow Harvest.

1 PaU Pippin.

2 Baldwin.

1 Rhode Island Greening.

1 Yellow Bell Flower.-

1 Northern Spy.

1 Primate.

1 3Iother.

1 Gravestein.

1 Porter.

1 Red Astrachan.

I Melon.

1 Hubbardston Nonsuch.

1 Jonathan.

1 Wagener.

APBICOTS.

1 Moor Park.
1 Breda.

NECTAEINES.

1 Early Violet.
1 Downton.

Total, 74

COTTAGE EESIDENCES. 79

DESIGN IV.

A71 Ornamental Farm-House.

In designing this farm-Louse we have liad two oljjects
in view; fii-st, to ofEer to the large class of intelligent
farmers a plan of a house of moderate size, somewhat
adapted in internal accommodation to their peculiar wants ;
and second, to give to the exterior, at little additional cost,
some architectural beauty. The first object, it is evident,
must ever be the pi-iucipal one in a farmer's dwelling, and
therefore everything should yield to such an interioi"
arrangement as will give the greatest amount of comfort,
and the maximum of convenience, in pei-forming in-door
labor. But beyond this, there is no reason why the dwell-
ing-houses of our respectable farmers should not display
some evidences of taste, as well as those of professional
men, or jjersons in more affluent circumstances. The
farmers are really the most independent men in oiu- com-
mimity, as theii* wealth is less liable to fluctuation than
that of any other class ; and if the amount they wish to
expend upon a dwelling is less than that within the means
of some others, they are generally able, on the other hand,
by having abundance of stone or timber on their own
premises, to build at a greatly reduced cost. By bestow-
ing some degree of ornament on farm-houses, we shall hope
to increase the interest and attachment Avhich the farmer
and his family have for their home, and thereby to improve
his social and domestic state. A man who is content to
live in a clumsy, badly contrived, and uncouth habitation,
will generally be found to care little for his home, or to

r^-i

80 COTTAGE KESIDENCES.

have in his heart but a scanty flow of genial domestic syni-
jiathies. This love of home, and with it all the tender
afEections bound up in that endearing word, will be sure to
grow with every step we take to add to its comforts or
increase its beauty, and if we feel a species of affection for
the goodly trees we have planted, which, growing along
Avith us, seem like old and familiar friends, we must ac-
knowledge a still greater attachment to a dwelling that we
have built, and which becomes our own home, — whether
it ])e a cottage or a mansion, — if there is an air of taste
lurking about it, and breathing out from vine-covered
porch or open window casement.

We are especially anxious that the farmer should culti-
vate a taste for improving his home, including under this
term his dwelling, and his garden or grounds, as we are
confident that in so doing he will unconsciously open to
himself and his family new sources of enjoyment, beyond
such as are directly derived from their beauty and conveni-
ence. It is unquestionably true, that we learn to appre-
ciate the beauty of natui-e in proportion as we become fa-
miliar with the beauty of art. Now, although we do not
■ expect farmers to possess a gallery of pictures or statuary,
yet they have a scarcely less instructive field open to
them whilst tastefully disposing their gardens and grounds,
in studying the various developments of beauty that occur
and become familiar to the mind in these and all other em-
ployments, unfolding the order and harmony of a well-regu-
lated rural home. And we will venture to assert that no
person, however small his original knowledge, has followed
these occupations thoughtfully for half a dozen years, with-
out having his appreciation of the beauty of all nature, and
especially the beauty of trees, forests, hills, and rivers, a
thousand-fold inci'cased.

COTTAGE KESIDKXCES. 81

By referring to the plan of the principal floor, Fig. 32, it
will be seen that the main building, thirtji- by forty-six feet,
is two stories in height, and contains on this floor a hall, a
parlor, two bed-rooms, and a large pantiy. The parloi-, oi-
sitting-room, is an excellent apartment, suitable for an}-
occasion, and the pantry being placed between it and the
kitchen, either of these rooms may be used to dine in ;
while the passage, with two doors between tlie parlor and
the kitchen, prevents the noise of the latter from being
heard in the former.

The kitchen, wash-house, dairy, and wood-house, on the
same level witk the main building, are contained in an
L-form addition in the rear, one story in height. The
kitchen is sixteen feet square, and opens also by a back door,
upon a broad stone platform, under wliich the steps next
the main building descend to the cellar. The Avash-room
is sixteen feet square, and has by the side of the fire-place a
circular copper boiler set, for boiling the clothes. There is
a passage from the wash-room, communicating directly
with the wood-house. The dairy may, if it is thought
advisable, be sunk three feet below the level of the wash-
house, and paved with flag-stones, in order to keep it cool ;
and there may be a raised shelf of stone all around it, on
which to place jjans of milk. In this case it would be
entered by descending four or five steps. The wood-house
has a large door, to facilitate unloading from the wood
wasjons.

The plan of the second story. Fig. 33, affords tlu-ee good
bed-rooms, closets, etc., and a small bed-room ; and above
tbis story is an ample garret for drying various seeds and
vegetables.

The cellar is large, being of the same size as the main
building, and on the side next the carriage-road should

82

COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

be placed a slide, wide eiiougli to receive a cart-load of
roots, Avliicli will save mucli labor and time usually occu-
pied in carrying them in baskets.

This dwelling is sui')posed to
be constructed of rough stone,
or stone partially smooth on the
face, but not laid in regular
courses. Such stone is abun-
dant throughout a great portion
of the United States, and makes
excellent walls.

We have given the preference
to the Rural Pointed style in
composing the exterior of this
dwelling, partly on accoimt of
the large lofts or garrets, so use-
ful to the farmer, afforded by
the steep gables and roofs, and
partly on account of its intrinsic beauty and pictui'esque
effect when built of stone even in this simj^le manner.
We have introduced a veranda in the same style in front,
becanse such a featiu'e is as necessary to the comfort of
a farm-house as a villa in this country.

Where all the out-buildin2;s are to be erected at the same
time ^vith the dwelling-house, something of the same style
should be evinced in the construction. It is not necessary,
to attain this, that ornamental verge-boards or windows, or
other minor details, shoidd be introduced in barns or the
like structures, but it will be sufficient if attention is j^aid
to repeating the same general forms in the outlines of the
buildings, and of these the form of the roof or gables is
most essential.

In some districts, wood is the only material Avhich comes

Fig. 33.

COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

83

within reach of the farmer. When this is the case it
would be better to adopt another style for the exterior, of
a lighter character. We would recommend the simple
projecting roof, and the general style of Design I., omit-
ting some of the ornamental details. The arrangement of
the rooms would require no material alteration, whatev^er
style of architecture may be adopted for the interior ; and
a farm-house built in the plainest manner, preserving
the arrangement exactly, would still have all the merit of
this part of the design, of whatever value it may be
considered.

It is evident that to some families another parlor, or a
common eating-room, but little superior to the kitchen,
might be thought desii'able. This would be easily obtained
by converting the rear bed-room into a dining-room, and
keeping \]iQparlor (which is now intended to serve the pur-
pose of dining-room also) as a show apartment, or hest room.
Such a plan might suit the fancy of those who take pleasure
in keeping the best and most comfortable room in theii" house
shut except when they see strangers, but we cannot recom-
mend it as consonant with
good taste, and that unaf-
fected, genuine hospitality,
which ousrht to characterize
" plain country folks."

Details of construction.—
The construction of this
building will be easily un-
derstood by merely inspect-
ing the elevation, as it is
extremely simple.
3-4, the verge-board
cornice are shown more in detail, to the scale of \ inch to a

In Fig.
and

Fig. 34.

84 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

foot. In tliis, A is the front view of tlie top of gable, and
B, tlie profile or section of tlie same, v is the j)endaut whicli
2>erforates the ridge of the roof, and terminates the gable
by what is termed a hip-knob, or finial. The roof, in this
design, projects about a foot beyond the walls of the house.
The veranda is supported by octagonal posts or pillars, the
openings between which are ornamented at the top by
single arches cut from 2 -inch plank. All the exterior wood-
work of this building (except sashes and doors) should be
painted three coats of the same color as the stone, or a few
shades lighter, and painted.

Estimate.- — The cost of this building, supposing the stone
to be found on the farm, and all the materials to be drawn
by the farmer, will not exceed $1,700. [The cost now
would be about $4,000.— Ed.]

The Ornamental Portion of the Farm.

The ferme ornee is a term generally applied to a farm,
the whole or the greater part of which is rendered in some
degree ornamental by intersecting it with di'ives, and
private lanes and walks, bordered by trees and shrubs, and
by the neater an'angement and culture of the fields. But
it may also be apj)lied to a farm with a tasteful farm-
hoiise, and so much of the ground about it rendered orna-
mental as would naturally meet the eye of the stranger,
in approaching it the first time.

It is evident that the farm proper, in the present case,
may consist of 50 or 500 acres. We have only shown in
the annexed engraving. Fig. 35, a plan of a few acres imme-
diately surrounding the house, and consisting of the
entrance lawn «, about one and a quarter acres bordering
the entrance I'oad or approach h, the oi'chard c, tbe

COTTAGE IlESLDEKCES,

84^

[Tie. 36.1

COTTAGE EESIDEXCES. 85

kitchen garden c/, adjoining fields, in grass or under the
plough e, and the yard for the out-biiildingsy.

At g is shown the house, and in the rear of the kitchen,
wash-house, etc., is the kitchen yard h. The out-buildings,
or farmery, are arranged around three sides of a square,
open to the south, and consist of the piggery _;', the tool-
house communicating with the garden h, open shed for
carts, ploughs, etc., I, cow-house with three calf-pens
attached at the end m, barn n, stable for horses o,
wagon-house j>, and corn crib q. The surface of the yard
descends slightly on all sides to the centre /", where the
manure heap is kept. This collection of out-buildings is
much more comj^lete and extensive than mil be found
connected with most farms in this country, but ^ye have
given it with a view of exhibiting Avhat ought to be aimed
at as a desideratum in accommodation on eveiy extensive
farm; and it will be found easy to diminish the amount
of buildings and sheds to as many as would occupy only
one side of the yard, if the farm be small, or to such a
nimiber as can be afforded.

This plan will require but little description, as the
ornamental grounds have no intricacy of detail. The
effect of the view fi'om the house across the entrance
lawn a, would be pleasing, and its expression would be
that of simply natural or pastoral beauty. The trees
might be of the finest native species, selected from the
woods on the farm, as nothins? is more beautiful than our
fine drooping Elms, Tulip-trees, Oaks, and Ashes. Or
some additional interest may be given to the place by
introducing a few Horse Chestnuts or European Lindens
around the house and along the approach. The trees we
would plant in natural groups, as indicated on the plan, as
this woidd not only evince a more cultivated taste in a

86 COTTAGK RESIDENCES.

farmer than straight lines, but it would also add to the
apparent extent of the whole area devoted to oi'naniental
trees, by giving it an irregular and varied boundary of foliage.

This acre and a quarter devoted to onianient may also
be rendered profitable : 1st, by mowing the grass over the
whole surface : or secondly, by keeping it short, by pas-
turing it with favorite animals. In the case of mowing,
when no animals are admitted, a few flowering shrubs and
plants may be cultivated directly around the house. But
if it is preferred to pasture the area, it would be necessary
to confine all small shrubs and plants to a certain portion
of the kitchen garden devoted to this purpose.

There are some farmers who would be willing to devote
an acre around tlieir house to some kind of lawn, or
purpose superior to a common field, who are yet not
sufficiently alive to the beauty and dignity of fine forest
trees to be willing to plant the latter. Such may substi-
tute fi'uit for forest trees, and even arrange them in the
same manner, planting those most symmetrical and pleasing
in their forms, as the cherry and pear, near the liouse and
the Approach ; and those which are unsightly in growth,
nearest the boundary.

The beauty of a farm will be greatly enhanced by
introducing verdant hedges in the place of stone or
wooden fences, at least in all situations near the house.
The best plant to be had in the nurseries for this purpose
is the Buckthorn (Itliamnus cathartica)^ a native shrub,
much hardier and better than the Enoflish hawthorn for
our climate. Almost any of our native thorns in the
woods make good hedges, and the farmer may gather the
seeds and raise them himself. South of the latitude of
New '^'ork city, the best hedge-plant is the Osage Orange
{Mddara aurantiaca).

COTTAGE EESIDENCES. 87

If the ground is previously well preiJared by repeated
])loughings and manuring, and proper care is taken to head
back the young plants the first year or^ two, to make a
thick bottom, and to trim them twice a year afterwards,
an excellent hedge may be obtained in five years. No
person, we hope, who has once seen a handsome dee[)
green hedge, forming a dense close surface, enlivened with
blossoms in the spring and berries in the autumn, will
grudge the little annual care necessary to substitute this
for at least a small part of his unsightly wall, or " post
and rail." ,

Wooden and stone fences near the house may be
rendered ornamental by planting the Virginia creeper
{AmjoeJopsis), or five-leaved ivy, at short distances along
the fence. This vine is common over a large portion of
the Union, and will quickly form a beautiful mantle of
verdure, concealing the wall in summer with its rich and
luxuriant green, and in autumn with its bright scarlet
foliage.

When the eye commands from the house a view beyond
the ornamental lawn, the latter may be pleasingly con-
nected by planting or preserving, here and thei*e, in the
adjoining fields, a few of the same forest trees that are
growing on the lawn, thus avoiding too strongly marked a
contrast between the latter area and the farm-lands, and
showing something of a unity of design and purpose.

The orchard near the house is an apple orchard, and we
give a selection of one hundred trees for the purpose of
planting it with the most valuable sorts, including a num-
ber of sweet apples for feeding stock.

Ripens in

2 Early Bough August.

2 Yellow Harvost July.

2 Esopus SpitZL'uljerg Nov. Feb.

88 COITAGE RESIDENCES.

Ripens in

4 Boston Russet May.

6 Fall Pippin Sept. Dec.

4 Jersey Sweet Aug. Nov.

2 Jonathan Dec. Feb.

G Baldwin Nov. May.

3 Lady Apple Nov. March.

4 American Dec. Feb.

6 Ladies' Sweeting Nov. March.

2 Newtov^Ti Pippin Dec. May.

3 Golden Sweeting Sept. Oct.

8 Khode Island Greening Nov. March.

2 Summer Paradise Aug. Sept.

4 Swaar Dec. March.

4 YeUow Belle FIcur '. Oct. Jan.

4 "VVinesop Nov. March.

4 Campfield Nov. March.

2 Dominie Nov. March.

2 Hubardston Nonsuch Dec. March.

2 Gravestein Sept. Oct,

4 Northern Spy Feb. May.

4 Porter Sept. Oct.

3 Melon Oct. March.

3 Wagener Nov. Fell.

4 Peck's Pleasant Nov. March.

4 Summer Pippin Sept.

^

COTTAGE KESLDENCES. 89

DESIGN V.

A Cottage Villa in the Bracketed Mode.

We trust that the exterior of this villa will generally
please, as, altliougli it is simple in form, we have endeav-
ored to add to its domestic, comfortable aii* a more forcible
and elegant expression than j-ectangular buildings generally
possess. The strongly-marked character which it has is
derived mainly from the bold projection of the roof, sup-
ported by ornamental brackets, and from the employment
of brackets for sujjports in various other parts of the
buildinp

This bracketed mode of building, so simple in construc-
tion and so striking in effect, will be found highly suitable
to North America, and especially to the Southern States.
The coolness and dryness of the upper story, afforded by
the almost veranda-like roof, will render this a delightful
feature in all parts of our country where the summers are
hot, and the sun very bright during the long days of that
season. Indeed, we think a very ingenious architect might
produce an American cottage style by carefully studying
the capabilities of this mode, so abounding in pictui'esque-
ness and so easily executed.

In actual fitness for domestic purposes in this countrj^,
we think this bracketed mode has much to recommend it.
It is admirably adapted to the two kinds of construction
which must, for some time, be the most prevalent in the
United States — -wood, and brick covered by an external

90 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

wash. Its comparative lightness of character renders it
well suited for wood, and the protection afforded by the
projection of the I'oof will give complete security and dry-
ness to the walls, rendering good stucco or cement in such
a situation as durable as stone. The facility of its con-
struction is an additional circumstance in its favor, as the
details are extremely simple — the ornamental bi-ackets,
which are the principal features of decoration, being cut
out of pine or oak jilank, two inches thick, and one or two
patterns serving for the whole exterior.

Extending the roof in the manner shown in this design
gives expression and character at once to the exterior, and
the broad and deep shadows thrown by the projection are
not only effective and pleasing to the artistic eye, but they
increase the actual comfort of the chamber apartments ; a
projection of from thirty inches to three feet serving as a
hood to shelter the windows from the summer sun dimng
all tlie sultry portions of the day; while in winter, the
sun l)eing low in position, this effect Avill not be felt when
it is not desirable.

On entering the hall (see plan of principal floor. Fig.
37), we find on the left an oval dining or living room,
lighted by a large and handsome window on the side, and
another in front ; the latter finished with a window-seat.
There are two j^antries, or closets, in this room, in the
spaces fo]-med by the ovals in fi'ont, and the opposite end
of the room may be finished with shallow closets for plate,
glass, or valuable china. At the opposite end of this
room is a door opening into the passage h, which com-
municates -with the stairs to the kitchen (under the main
stairs), and also with the open air, by the door on the
veranda. At the left of this passage is the water-closet
(AV. C).

COTTAGE RESroENCES. 91

On the o^iposite side is the parlor or drawing-room,
occupying the whole space, eighteen by twenty-six feet. This
room is of very handsome size, and if well finished would
make a splendid apartment. The ceiling sliould be thirteen
or fourteen feet high, and miglit be supj^orted by a bracketed
cornice, tastefully executed in plaster, to harmonize with the
character of the exterior. Our own taste would lead us
to prefer greatly, in all cases, the simplicity and dignity
of a single lai-ge apartment of this kind in the country^
to two apartments connected by folding or sliding doors.
In the latter the single room, considered by itself, is com-
paratively of no importance, because it is evidently only
one-half of the architect's idea, and the coup d'oell of the
whole is greatly injured by the partition still remaining
after the doors are open. A large room like this dra^ving-
room will, on the contrary, be a comj)lete whole in itself,
and regarding its effect, either with or without company,
it will be found much more satisfactory than that of the
two smaller ones connected. Access to the veranda from
this room is afforded by tlie window at its further end, e,
which is a casement window opening to the floor, and
may therefore be used as a dooi'.

At the end of the hall a door opens into the library,
eighteen by twenty feet, which is a cool, airy apartment,
shaded by the veranda that surrounds it on three sides.
It communicates directly vnth the drawiug-i'oom by one
door, and with the passage h, leading to the veranda, by
another.

On the second floor are five bed-rooms, Fig. 38. The
two bed-rooms on the right being connected by a door,
one of them may be used as a nursery, and the other as
a family bed-room. Three bed-rooms for servants may lie
finished in the attic story, which will be lighted by the

92

COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

windows in the gable. There is a handsome balcony,
which is entered upon fi'om the casement-window, at the
eud of the hall in this story, shaded by the broad over-
hanging roof, and two other balconies which accompany,
in a similar maimer, the large windows in the two j)rinci-
I^al bed-rooms on either side of this hall. These two large
\vindo\vs are each comjDosed of three compartments, and
the middle compartment of that on the right, against
which the partition of the nursery abuts, is made solid
on the inside, which still gives one window, or compart-
ment of moderate size, for each room.

The basement accommodation, Fig. 39, consists of a

SEC. FLOOR

Fig. 38.

BASEMENT.

Fig. 30.

kitchen, laundry, store-room, and cellar. The basement
story is I'aised about tliree and a half feet above
ground, with areas built around the windows, to admit
an abundance of light. The outer entrance to this story
is by the steps descending under the veranda, indicated
on the left of this plan.

COTTAGE I^ESIDENCES. 93

The cMmueys in tliis elevation are bold aucl striking,
and show what would be in good keeping with the style
of the house. Their construction is simple. They are
each covered on the top by two flat coping-stones, of bold
projection, the smoke escaping on two sides (Fig. 42).
Chimneys built in this manner are much more likely to
draw well than those with an open top, in the common
mode. This form, however, is not by any means essential,
and square flues in a body, with a bold cornice supported
on bricks projecting as brackets, or separate detached flues
carried up in chisters, with heavy tops, would also be
suitable for a building in this style.

Variation of this design as constructed in wood. — The
foregoing engravings being in illustration of this design as
l)uilt of solid materials, we introduce another elevation.
Fig. 40, to show its appearance constructed of wood. The
common mode of siding is sufficiently well understood by
every one, but in this elevation a less general mode is
shown, which consists in tongue and grooving the boards,
nailing them vertically on the frame, and covexing the
joint by a strip one or two inches wide. We suggest this
mode as a variation, as it makes a very warm and dry
house, and the effect is good. Fig. 45 is a section to the
scale of half an inch to a foot, showing this kind of siding.

There are, perhaps, some families who would much pre-
fer a bed-room to the library, in our previous j^lan of the
principal floor. "We have therefore, in the annexed Fig. 41,
shown how this wing, originally iutended for a library, may,
by a little variation in the plan, be made to afford a ])leasant
bed-room, with a closet adjoining, and a pretty little
boudoir opening either into the bed-room or the drawing-
room, as may be thought best. If this variation should
be preferred to the original plan of this flooi", it Avill only

94

COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

be necessary to curry tln-ough the partitions iiitr(Hliiced in
this wiug, Avhich will make a similar alteration in the plan
of the second and basement stories so easily understood,
that it ^vlll not require any further plans in illustration.

Fig. 43.

Fig. 4-3.

Details. — A portion of the porch in Fig. 43 shows the
manner of ornamenting this part of the Iniilding by
brackets. Four varieties of In-ackets, suitable for the roof
supports of buildings in this style, are seen in the accom-
panying Fig. 44. In this engraving, drawn to the scale of
half an inch to a foot, a represents the boldest form, suit-
able for the corners or angles of the building ; B, one of
lesser size, proper for the projection of the gables ; c is
another variation, employed in the bold projection of the
gable in front, over the porch, and d is a form employed
for eave brackets, when it is thought advisable to continue
them along the whole line of roof, as in the next design.
In the following engraving, a represents a moulding, and
b the roof and cornice above the bracket. The most
complete mode would undoubtedly be to employ cut-
stone brackets in a building like this composed of stone or
solid materials; but if made of good sound wood, and

COTTAGE EESIDEXCES.

95

thoroughly painted and saiided to resemble the stone or
stucco, it will answer as well.

r5^

z:^

Fig. 45.

In Fig. 45 is seen a section of the mode of siding
^^ alluded to in om- variation of this design
^^— in wood., which needs no fui-ther expla-
nation.

It will be observed that the supports to the veranda in
the rear of this dwelling are simple octagonal posts, orna-
mented with brackets at the top, and that the brackets
being a characteristic feature in this style or mode, it is
introduced wherever a support is really or ajij^arently
necessary, as in the case of the balconies to the windows,
etc. And in a building in this mode, the unity of design
should be fiu'ther preserved by carrying out the boldness
of character in all i^ortions of the Imildiug, by projecting
the roofs, verandas, porches, etc., in a proportionate degree,
and by introducing few and bold mouldings and orna-
ments.

Some character is given to the roof in tliis design by
employing shingles of a uniform size, and i-ounding the
lower ends before laying them on the roof.""'

* The principle of expression of purpose demands that the roofs of buildings
should be shown, and rendered ornamental. In saovij countries especially, a

96 COITAGE KESIDENCES.

We have designated a water-closet in this design. A
water-closet does not actually require a space larger than
tliree by four or five feet, and it may therefore be intro-
duced in the first or second story of almost every house,
although we have only shown it in two or three of these
designs. If properly constructed, and its accompanying
cistern kept supplied with water, it will be found entirely
free from odors of any kind, and therefore a very great
desideratum in every house. The better way is to employ
a fli'st-rate plumber from the city to fit it up completely
whOe the house is in progress. In order to explain the
principle of its construction, we extract the following
description of one of a simple and very efficient kind fi'om
the "Encyclopaedia of Cottage, Farm, and Villa iVi-chitec-
tm-e," p. 18.

" The water-closet may be variously arranged ; but as
one of tlie best and cheaj^est modes, and one the least
likely to go out of order, we give the following : The
cistern. Fig. 46, «, may be at any distance fi'om the seat i,
provided it be on a higlier level by four or five feet. The
basin, <?, may be an inverted hollow cone, truncated, and
joined to a piece of cylindrical tube, inserted in a closed
leaden vessel, technically called a smell-trap, d. In the
side of c, at e, is a hole or vertical opening passing
obliquely through the sides of the basin, and communi-
cating with the cistei'u a by the pipe f. The water in
the cistern is prev^euted fi-om running off through this

moderately steep roof is necessary to sustain the pressure, and slied the snow
perfectly, and it should always, therefore, be boldly exposed, and rendered orna-
mental in domestic architecture. Some of our builders seem to have a farcical
horror of a roof or a chimney-top (derived from the study of Greek temples !), and
conceal both by costly and elaborate balustrades and parapets, in many cases at aa
expense satticient, if judiciously applied, to have given a superior character to the
whole building.

COTTAGE EESrDEKCES.

97

pipe by a nicely fitting valve at y. Wlien it is desired to
allow the water to rusli down into

Fig. 46.

the basin, it is only necessary to pull _«
the strino; li ; which, if the cistern '^t
be at a distance, may pass over
several pulleys, according to the
number of angles in its course. In
order to insure the descent of a
quantity of water to the basin every
time it has been used, a cord i, may
be joined to h, and passed over the
pulley at Jo, and the end of this cord
may be fixed to the upper part of
the door of the water-closet at such
a distance from the hinge, say a foot,
as will suffice to lift up the valve g ; or the same purpose
might be effected by a lever which would be acted upon
every time the door was opened. In every case where it
is intended that a common or lever valve should he
operated on by a door, the latter ought to have a spring-
bolt to shut it, lest at any time it should be left open by
neglect." There are several late improvements in water-
closets now to be had of the best plumbers in New York.
The waste-pij)e from the water-closet should leave the
house by a properly fitted under-ground drain, and should
either terminate in a covered drain or sewer, at a con-
siderable distance, or in a well or cistern for liquid
manure, the contents of which may be turned to valuable
account.

Estimate. — This cottage-villa may be built of brick and
stucco or of wood, in the best manner, at a cost of about
S5,500. With cut fi-eestone trimmings, it would cost
$6,000. [At present the cost would be, in wood, about

98 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

SGjilOO, and in hrit-k, ^vith freestone trimmings, about
88,500.— Ed.]

Laying out ilie Ground.

The situation for which this cottage is designed bordei-s
the public road, and contains about two acres, which are
nearly level. At the back of the garden. Fig. 47, is a steep
hill, «, the side covered with trees, which is ascended by a
walk, h, leading to a rastic summer-house on the top at c,
from whence a prospect of the surrounding country is
obtained.

The house is at <:/, and the objects in laying out the
ground w'ere to create an airy, cheerful aspect ai'ound the
house, especially in fi-ont ; to preserve a view of the steep
picturesque hill from the veranda in the rear, and with the
appeai'ance of a good deal of ornamental effect to retain
about one acre, or nearly half the level ground, for a
kitchen garden, ^, and a fruit garden, y.

In order to give an air of some extent and elegance
about the house, the whole surface in this neighborhood
not devoted to the kitchen and fruit gardens is laid
down in lawn, ^, to be kept neatly mown, with the excep-
tion of the long borders, A, devoted to a miscellaneous
collection of flowers ; the circular beds filled with verbe-
nas, petunias, and monthly roses, three plants which will
bloom the whole summer, and have a brilliant effect from
the drawing-room windows; and the two beds, j, filled
with choice double dahlias. In the turf is planted a innn-
ber of the finest species of ornamental trees and shrubs,
some being allowed to grow alone and assume all their
beauty of development, and others planted in groujjs, or
thickets, for effect or shelter. The novice wll be assisted

COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

98*

[Fig. 47.]

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 99

in making a selection of tliese trees and shrubs by referring
to tlie list given at page 74. Some of the less hardy and
robust of these trees and shrubs, being jilanted in groups
in this way, ^vill requu-e that the surface around each tree
for a small area of about two feet in diameter be kept
loose by culture, to promote their growth, until they attain
considerable size.

The entrance gate is sho^vn at h, and there is a large
oval of turf, around which to turn carriages, immediately
before the door. The carriage road, ?, after approaching
the entrance to the kitchen, for the convenience of deliver-
ing heavy articles, leads to the carriage-house, m, adjoining
which are the barn and stable, n^ and the stable yard, o,
the latter communicating directly with the public road by
the lane, p;

The kitchen and fruit gardens are enclosed on three
sides by hedges of the privet or prim^ a rapid-growing
plant which forms a thick hedge in three years, has neat
foliage and flowei'S, and is easily cultivated fi'om slips or
cuttings planted in March or April. These verdant fences
will scarcely appear barriers, and a spectator standing on
the veranda in the rear of the house, and looking over the
open oval lawn, g, bordered by the flower borders, and
these backed by the deep green hedges, would scarcely be
impressed with that idea of confinement which this mode-
rate space would otlierwise convey.

A detached green-house is shoT\Ti at r, which, like the
dwelling-house, fronts due south. This green-house is 14:
feet wide by 40 feet long, and has a lean-to, or shed, at
the rear, which affords a cover for the furnace, with a
place for fuel, and a long narrow apartment for a garden-
er's seed-room, tool-room, or work-room, the latter l)eing a
place absolutely necessary in every residence of the size

100 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

of half an acre, if appropriated to ornamental jau'poses.
Not only the front, but also both the ends of this green-
house should be glazed, as the sun will then, in the coiu-se
of the day, sMne on all sides. In the Middle or Eastern
States, where the Avinters are severe, it will be found a
great economy of both fuel and labor to have liglit shut-
ters made for all the sashes in a green-house detached like
this one. When the sim is shining, the shutters can be
speedily removed, and in cold dull days and at night the
glass may be kcjit covered, which will prevent the house
from losing its heat rapidly. No gi-een-house in this
country, where even the wintry sun is biilliant, will
require a particle of fire while the sun shines, and by the
aid of shutters we may preserve the warmth of the green-
house, collected during the afternoon, thi'ough a considera-
ble j^ortion, and often the whole of the night.

The hill-side a, in its original state, was sprinkled over
with trees, tufts of grass, ferns, etc., and was disfigured
by the presence of a numlier of rougli piles of rock. In
order to render them ornamental, a quantity of hardy
climbers, as the Trumpet vine {Blgnonki)^ the coral or
trumpet Honeysuckles, the double-flowering Bramble, and
the Virginia creej)ei', may be planted at the foot and
among these rocks, and they will in two or three seasons
render them highly picturesque by enwreathing them with
beautiful garlands of foliage and flowers.

As the lawn will be a great soui'ce of beauty in all
places of this kind, it is important that attention should
be paid to this feature early in the preparation of the
grounds. No laA^Ti Avill retain its fi-eshness and verdure
throughout our hot summers, unless particular attention is
paid to two circumstances. The first of these is the
preparation of a deep soil before it is sowti or laid down

COTTAGE EKSIDENCES. 101

iu grass ; the second consists in frequent mowings. When
there is a large surface to be kept in hiwn, the soil
may be rendered suitable l)y mamu-ing and jiloughing
thoroughly beforehand with the sub-soil plough, or by
going through the same furrow three times in ploughing
the soil. When the area is small, it may be trenched with
the spade. The roots of the grasses strike much deeper
in a mellow prepared soil than persons are generally
aware, and are thereby enabled to stand a severe drought,
when, if sown in the ordinary mode, they would have
dried up and the foliage become brown in a short time.
A rich soil for a lawn is not desirable, but rather a deep
one, capable of retaining moistui'e for a long time. Wood
ashes will be foimd an excellent top-di'essing for invigo-
rating a worn-out lawn.

Frequent mowing is necessary to insure that velvet-like
appearance so much admired in English lawns. To per-
form this operation neatly, the mower must be provided
with a scythe, the blade of which is very ])road, and hung
neai'ly pai'allel to the surface of the lawn ; and the mowing
should always be perfoi-med, if possible, after a shoAver,
or a heavy dew, while the grass is yet damp. Tlie best
mixture of grass-seeds in use among us, and to be had at
our seed-shops, is the same as composes the natural groAvth
of our commons, and the turf by the road-sides, viz.. Red
top and white Clover (Agrostis vulgaris and TrifoJium
repens). They should be sown thicldy for a lawn, at the
rate of three bushels of the former and six quarts of the
latter to the acre.*

The five circular beds i, are supposed to be each ten or

* Mr. Loudon recommeni'ls the foUowinij mixture of grasses for a lawn, viz. ,
Agrostu Tvl</aris rar. tcnuifolia, FeMiica dunnsculd, F. oci/ia, Ci/nosurus crtstatun,
Poa pratennis, Ateiia flavcsceiis, and Trifolium miiitis.

102

COITAGE KESIDENCES.

fifteen feet in diiiraeter, and cut in the turf. It is proposed
to fill these witli plants, each bed with the same genus, and
cultivate them in such a manner that, when full grown,
they shall cover the whole surface of the bed. They will
then present a mass of rich leaves and blossoms, and the
raw earth not l^eing seen, these beds will connect them-
selves much more harmoniously with the surrounding turf
or lawn, than if only partially covered with plants.
Nothing is moi-e luisightly than raw flower-beds near the
windows of the house in midsummer, and we therefore
gi-eatly prefer the beauty of a few rich circles or groups
like these, to the lean and parched appearance which long
beds of miscellaneous flowers exhibit when placed in direct
])roxiuiity to the dwelling.

The trailing Verhenas and Petunias are veiy show}'
plants, blooming perpetually during the whole season, and
are therefore adiniral)ly adapted to this purpose. As they
will not stand our \\inters, they must be treated as annuals;
or pi-eserved by taking small plants up in pots, in autumn,
and keeping them in the green-house or a frame, planting
them out again in April. The following varieties are
I'ecommended :—

VERBEXAS.

Ada Snow (delicate blush).
Blue Bonnet (purplish blue).
Bri/jhtiirss (scarlet crimson).
Crimson King (brilliaut crimson).
dipt. Tuttinger (scarlet crimson.
Defiance (dazzling scarlet).
Mrs. Field (scarlet crimson).
White Beauty (pure white).
Scarlet Gem (brilliant scarlet).
Purple Standard (dark purple).
Jtichard Cohdeti (deep purple).
Purple Crown (rich pmi)le).

Imperatriee Elisaieth (striped).
Reliance (bright ruby).
Ultramarine (deep blue).
liohimon'n Defiance (scarlet).
St. Margaret (crimson).
Hermione (blue).
Beauty Supreme (pink).
Sir Seymour (white).

PETUNIAS.

Anita.

Adrienne.

Excellent.

COTTAGE EESIDENCES.

103

Bayswater.

The Bride.

Striata Superha,

Countess of Elhsmere.

Kermesina.

Hebe.

Eclipse.
Rosy Mom.
King of Crimsons.
New White.
Lady Alice Peel.

A great number of beautiful monthly roses, including
the Noisettes, the common China or Bengal, and the Tea
and the Bourbon varieties, may be procured in the nui--
series. These require a rich loamy soil, where they will
bloom in great profusion all the summer, and until winter
frosts overtake them. The Bourbon roses are esjjecially
remarkable for the size, the abundance, fi-agrance, and the
beauty of their blossoms. The following selection includes
some of the most desirable sorts, all everblooming or
monthly.

HYBRID PERPETDAX, KOSES.

Duke of Wellington, dark crimson.

Lord Clyde, crimson shaded loith pur-
ple.

Alfred Colomb, Iirilliant crimson.

Charles Lef ebvre, brilliant red.

(Jeneral Jacqueminot, irilliant crim-
son.

General Washington, brilliant rosy
crimson.

Madame Charles Wood, briliant rosy
red.

Senateur Vaisse, brilliant light crim-
son.

John Hopjier, rosy crimson and rose.

Jules Margottin, i>ivid rosy carmine.

Victor Verdier, deep carmine.

Charles Verdier, rose bordered with
white.

Madame Gsorge Paul, brilliant rose.

Alba Mutabilis, white tinged with rose.

Louise Darzous, ]nire w'lite.

BOTTRBON ROSES.

Acidalie, white, often tinged with rose.
Baronne Genella, lilac pinh.
Bouquet de Flore, deep carmine.
Catherine GuiUot, very bright rose.
Dupetit Thonars, darlc crimson.
Louise Odier, bright rose.
Marguerite Bonnet, beautiful flesh

white.
Model de Perfection, bright rose.
Monsieur Jard, crimson.
Queen, rosy fawn.

Rev. H. Dombrain, brilliant carmine.
Souvenir de la Malraaison, large pale

flesh.
Louis Chaix, scarlet crimson.
Hennosa, rose-colored pink.

BENGAL ROSES.

Mrs. Bosanquet, pale flesh.
Louis Philippe, de^'p crimson.
Agiippiaa. bright crimson.

i

104

COITAGE RESIDENCES.

Cramoise Suijerior, hrirjlit crimson.
Eugene Boauhaniais, darh amaranth.
Clara Sylvan, pure white.
Madame Bcion, rosy crimson.
Lady Warrender, pure white.
Archduke Charles, rose changiny to

crimson.
Double White Daily.

NOISETTE nOSES.

AimCe Vibort, pure white.
-Vugusta, sulphur yellow.
Lamarquo, pale yellow.
Jaune (Dcsprez), creamy lilusli.
Jeanne d'Arc, pure white.
Baronne de Maynard, pure lohite.
Celine Forestier, ,;?«« Irujht yellow.
Fellembcrg, hritjJit crimson.
Solfaterre, deep sulphur yellow.
Trioinplic de Renues, can/try yellow,
deep centre.

TE.\-SCENTED ROSES.

Devoniensis, creamy white.
Climbing Devoniensis, creamy white.
Adam, rose.
Alba rosea, white shaded with rose.

Conite de Paris, flesh-colored rose.
Comtesse Onvaroff, rose tinted with

pink.
Due de Magenta, j'i«e rosy salmon.
Glorie de Dijon, fawn, tinted with

salmon and rose.
Homer-rose, centre salmon.
Isabella Sjirunt, pure yello-w.
.Jaune d'Or, yellow.
Louise de Savoie, Jine yellow.
Madame Falcot, nanl-een, changinff to

yellow.
Madame Charles, hriyht yellow, centre

salmon.
Madame WiUermoz, white, salmon

centre.
Madame William, rich yellow.
Marshal Nicl, deep hrilliant yellow.
Mohv, flesh, and shaded with fawn.
Hubens, creamy white-flesh centre.
Souvenir d'Eliza Varden, creamy white

tinted with rose.
Souvenir d'Ami, salmon, shaded with

rose.
Triomphe de Gnillot, wfiite, shaded

with rose and salmon.
Vicomtesse Decazes, yellow, centre

shaded with copper.

Nearly all the varieties of China Roses may be culti-
vated in the open air, with a trifling covering of straw or
litter, over the tops in winter, to prevent their being injured
by sudden thawing after severe frosts.

The two flower borders, 7i, being each more than one
hundred and fifty feet long, will contain a large collection
of flo\vering plants, both annuals and perennials. The
lattei-, being more permanent and more showy, are to be
chiefly employed, but small spaces should be left at inter-
vals along the boi'ders to allo-w the sowing of annuals, as
the latter bloom profusely during midsummer and autumn,
when comparatively few perennials are in flow(M-. We

COTTAGE EESIDESrCES. 105

liave already remarked tliat, iu order to attain the most
beautiful efEect from sucli flower borders, two rules must
be observed : the first Is, to arrange the plants so that the
taller and coarser growing shall be farthest from the fi-ont
of the border, the smallest near the walk ; and. the second,
that the collection should consist of a due proportion of
plants blooming in the different months through the -whole
season. As to perform this will perhaps I'equire more
knowledge of the habits of herbaceous plants than many
of our readers possess, we give the following list for the
purpose of assisting them in stocking beds of this descrip-
tion, so as to produce satisfactory results.

106 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

LIST OF PERENNIAL BORDER FLOWERS,

Arranged, according to their period of blooming, with tJieir lieight.
FLOWERING IN APRIL

CLASS I.

From 6 to 12 iiiclies.

Anemone thalicfroides, pi. Double wood Anomonc ; white.

Adonis ternalis. Spring flower Adonis ; yellow.

Corydalia cucularia. Breeches flower; white.

Anemone Pulsatilla. Pasqueflower; blue.

Anemone hcpatica, pi. Double llepaticas ; blue.

Viola odorata, pi. Double white and European Violets.

Omphalodes verna. Blue Venus Navclwort.

Polemonium reptans. Greek Valerian ; blue.

Phlox stolonifera. Creeping Plilox ; red.

Primvla veris. The Cowslip ; yellow and red.

Primnla pohjantha. The Polyanthus ; jiurple.

Primvla auricula. The Auricula ; purple.

Viola tricolor. Heart's Ease, or Pansy ; many colors and sorts.

Viola grandiflora. Purple Pansy.

Phlox sxihulata. Moss Pink Phlox.

Phlox nivea. Wliite Moss Pink.

Oentiana acaulis. Dwarf Gentian ; purple.

CLASS II.

From t to 2 feet hiijh.

Phlox diearicata. Early purple Plilox.
Saxifraga crassifolia. Thick-leaved Saxifrage; lilac.
Dodecatlieon mr/idia. American Cowslip ; lilac.
Dodecatheon m^adia alba. American Cowslip ; white.
Palmonara virginica. Virginian Lungwort ; purple.
Alyssum saxatile. ' Golden basket ; yellow.
Trollius europeus. European Globe flower; yellow.

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. lUi

MAT.

CLASS L

From 6 to 13 inches high.

Alyssum mocatile compactum. Golden Alyssum.
Veronica gentianoides. Gentian-leaved Si)eedwell ; blue.
Ardbis alpina. White Arabis.

Jeffersonia diphylla. Two-leaved JefPersonia ; -white.
Aubrietia delbroides. Pale violet.

LysamacMa nummularia. Trailing Loose-strife ; yellow.
Myosotia palustria. Forget-me-not ; blue and yellow.
Myosotis palustris alba. Forget-me-not ; white.
Convallaria majalis. Lily of the V.alley ; white.
Saponaria ocymoides. Basil-like Soapwort ; red.
Phlox pilosa. Ilairy Phlox ; red.
Moustonia ccerulea. Blue Iloustonia.

CLASS II.

From 1 to 2 feet kiffh.

Goronilla varia. Changeable CorouiUa ; pink.

Posonia tenuif'oUa. Fine-leaved Poeony ; red.

Corydalis formoaa. Showy Corydalis ; red.

Veronica spicata. Blue-spiked Speedwell.

Flmtatemon ovata. Oval-leaved Pentstemon ; blue.

Pentatemon atropwpureus. Dark purple Pentstemon.

Orobus nigcr. Dark jniqjle Vetch.

Aneliusa Italica. Italian Bugloss ; blue.

Sanunculua acris, pi. Double Buttercujjs ; yellow.

Tradeacantia virgliuca. Blue and white Sijiderwort.

Lupinus pohjphyllus. Purple Lupin.

Iria aiberica. Siljorian Lis ; blue.

Lupinua JSFootl-aenais. Nootka Sound Lupin ; blue.

Hcspcris matronalia, alba, 2>l. Tlie Douljle Wliito Rocket.

Corydalis nobilia. Yellow, with brown dots.

Phlox auaveolena. The white Plilox, or Lyehnidca.

Phlox maculata. The purple-sjjotted Phlos.

108 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

Lupinus perennis et rimilaris. Perennial lAijjins ; blue.
LyelinU flos cuculi, pi. Double Rangecl-Ilobin ; red.
AquiUgia canacUniis. Wild Columbine; searlet.
I\Bonia tenuifolia, fiore plena. Double-leaM'd fennel.

CLASS III.

^feet and, higlur.

PajMver orientaJis. Oriental scarlet Poppy.
Iris florentina. Florentine Iiis ; white.
Paionia alhijlora. Single -wliite Preony.
HcmerocaUis jlam. The yellow Day-lily.

JUNE.

From C to 13 iiickcs li'njh.

Aitperula oiorata. "Wliitc, fragrant.

Potentilla rosea. The Rose-colored Potentilla.

PotenKlla mayeana. Mayes' Potentilla ; light rose.

Spirea filipendula, pi. Double Pride of the Jleadow ; white.

Cypripedmm puhescz-ns. Yellow Indian JIoccasLn.

Viscaria vulgaris, pi. White and Red Viscaria.

EscJisdioUzia californica. Golden Esclischoltzia ; yellow.

Zyehinsfulgms. Fulgent Lyehins ; red.

Dianthus cMnensis. Indian jiinks ; variegated.

Verhe?M multifida. Cut-leaved Verbena ; purple.

Verlcna Lamberti. Lambert's Verbena ; purple.

Iris Susiana. Chalcedonian Iris ; mottled.

Iberis sempervireM. White candytuft.

Papaver croccum. Golden Poppy.

Lotus corniculatus. Yellow and iiink.

AquiUgia caryplulloidcs. Columl>ine ; striped.

Aquilegia jucunda. Columbine; white and blue.

Aquilegia formosa tricolor: Columbine ; striped, blue and white.

Aquilegia hyhrida californica. Columbine; a reddisli violet.

COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

1U9

CLASS n.

From 1 to %feet high,

Spirea lobata. Siberian spirea ; red.

Spirea ulmaria, pi. Double Meadow Sweet ; white.

Spirea ulmaria variegata. Meadow Sweet ; leaves variegated.

Spirea japonica. Japan Si^iica; pure white.

Delphinium grandijlorum,, pi. Double dark blue Larkspur.

Delphinium chineniis album. Chinese Larksisur ; white.

Delphinium chinense, pi. Double Chinese Larkspur ; blue.

Dianthus horUnsia. Garden Pinks ; many double sorts and colors.

Caltha pulustris, pi. Double Marsh Marigold ; yellow.

Polemonium cmndeum and album. Common white and blue Greek Valerian.

Campanula perdcifolia, pi. Double peach-leaved Campanula ; white.

Campanula perdcifolia cerulea, Jlore plena. Double peached-leaved Campanula ;

blue.
Antirrhinum majus. Red and white Snap Dragons.
Geranium sanguineum. Bloody Geranium ; red.
Geranium ibericum. Violet and purple.
(Erwthera fruticosa. Shi-ubby Evening Primrose ; yellow.
Dianthus caryopjti/llus. The Carnation, of many colors.
Campanula grandijhra. Large blue Bellflower.
Campanula graniifiora alha. Large white Bellflower.
Campanula coronata. Crowned campanula.

Clematis integrifolia. Austrian blue Clematis. •

Aspliodelus ramostis. Branching Aspliodel ; white.
Pentstemon speciosa. Showy Pentstemon ; blue.
Lychnis viscaria rosea plena. Silene ; double pink.
Pyrethrum roseum, double and single. Feverfew ; red and pink.
Salvia rubicunda. Sage ; reddish violet.
Salvia bicolor. Sage ; white and blue.

CLASS ni.

Zfeet and higher.

Aconitum napellus, variegata. Purple-and-white Monk's Hood.

Aconitum napellus. Monk's Hood ; purple.

Aconitum t-enuifolia. Cut-leaved aconitum ; light blue.

Campanula ranunculoidcs. Nodding Bellflower ? blue.

Verbascum plwtniceum. Pur2jlc Mullein.

Clematis erecta. Upriglit Clematis ; white.

110 COTTAGE llESIDENCES.

Idnum perenne. Perennial Flax ; blue.

Linum perenne album. Perennial Flax ; white.

Linum Lewini varicgata. Flax, Lewis' vaiicgatecl.

Potonia Humei. Double blush Pseony.

Piionia fragrans. Double fragrant Pa-oiiy ; rose.

Paonia Whitleji. Double white Picony.

Gaillardia aristata. Bristly QaiUardia ; yellow.

JITLY

CLA.S3 r.

From 0 to 12 inches high.

PenUtemon Mchardsonii. Richardson's Pentstemon ; [lurple.
PenUtemon pubescens. Downy Pentstemon ; lilac.
Campanula carpathica. Carpathian Bellflower ; blue.
Campanula carpathica alba. Carpatliian Bellflower ; white.
Sedum populifolium. Poplar-leaved. Sedum ; whit-.
Dianthus deltoides. Mountain Pink ; red.
Dianthus del toides alba. ]\Iountaiu Pink ; white.
Veronica maritima. Maritime Speedwell ; blue.
Lychnis lapponica. Reddish Pink.

CLASS n.

J Prom 1 to 2 feet high.

Pentstemon campanulaium. Bell-tlowered Pentstemon ; lilac.
Pentstemon cobea. Large foxglove-like flowers ; whitish.
Pentstemon grandifiara. Large foxglove-like flowei-s ; lilac.
Pentstemon speciosa. Showy Pentstemon ; red..
Pentstemon roseum. Rose-colored Pentstemon.
Monarda didyina. Lemon-scented balm ; scarlet.
Potentilla atrosanguinea. Dark red Potcntilla.
Potentilla Jloopwoodiana. Scarlet and wliite Potentilla.
Punhia Sieboldii. Lilac Funkia.
Coreopsis Athinsonia. Atkinson's Coreopsis ; yellow.
Aquilegia glandulosa. Glandular Columljine ; striped.
Aquilegia eerulea. Beautiful light blue and wliite.
Phlox Brownii. Brown's Phlox ; red.
Dictamnus Fraxinella. Purple Fraxiuella.
Piciamnus alba. White Fraxinella.
Anchusa officinalis. Common Bugloss; blue.

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. Ill

(Enofhera Frasari. Fraser's Evening Primrose ; yellow.

QSncthera maorocarpa. Large-podded Eveniug Primrose ; yellow.

Campanula trachelium, pi. Double white and blue Bell Flower.

Potentilla Eusselliana. Russell's Cinquefoil ; red.

Delphinium spedosum. Showy Larkspur; blue.

Campanula macrantM. Large blue Bell-flower.

Chelone Lyoni. Purple Chelone.

Chelone harbata. Bearded Chelone ; orange.

Dracocephalum graiulijlomm. Dragon's head ; purple.

Oroleus lathyrorides. Violet blue.

Achillea milli/olia rubra. Double mil foil ; red.

CLASS m.

2 feet and Mglier.

Delphinium elatum. Bee Larkspur ; blue.

Delphinium formosum. Large dark-blue, white eye.

Delphinium Hendersonii. Large deep-blue, white eye.

Delphinium hxjacinthaflora. Semi-double ; light blue and wliite.

Delphinium Madam/i Oerard Leigh. Semi-double ; light blue, white eye.

PenUtemon digitalis. Missouri Pentstemon ; white.

Hibiscus palustris. Single Hibiscus; red.

Lychnis Chalcedonica. Single and double scarlet Lychnis.

Lythrum latifolium. Perennial Pea ; purple.

AUGUST.

CLASS r.

From S to 12 inclws high,

Corydalis formosa. Red Fumitory,
Phlox carnea. Flesh-colored Phlox.
Lychnis coronata. Chinese orange Lyclmis.
Lychnis haa^eana. Bright scarlet Lychnis.

CLASS IL

From 1 to 2 feet high.

Oeum Quellyon. Scarlet Geum.

Oaillardia aristata. Bearded QaiUardia; yellow.

•f

112 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

Phlox Alcordi. Alcord's Phlox ; purple.

Catanandic cwrulea. Blue Catanauchc.

Catananche hicolor. White and blue Catananche.
Asclepias tuberosa. Orange Swallowwort.

Veronica carnea. Flesh-colored Speedwell.

Veronica alba. White Veronica.

Oaillardia Mcolor. Orange Gaillardia.
Hemerocallis japonica. Japan day-lily ; white.
Fiinlcia marginata. Beautiful striped foliage.
Dianthus auperhus. Superb fringed Pink ; white.
Lobelia cardinalis. Cardinal flower; red.
Lythrum Salicaria. Willow Herb ; purple. '
Liatris squarrosa. Blazing Star ; blue.
Liatris acariosa. Spikes of reddish purple glolje flowei-s.

Coreopsis tenuifolia. Five-leaved Coreopsis ; yellow.

Phlox Van Uouttei. Van Houtte's Phlox ; pui-ple and white, striped.

Phlox gracalts. Blush and rose, ciimson eye.

Phlox Madam Iferard. Blush and wliite, crimson eye.

Phlox lloi de rose. Rosy purple, crimson eye.

PIdox Surprise. White pencilled, with rosy lilac and crimson eye.

Phlox Venus. White, shaded with rose.

Phlox Gem. Deep blush, dark eye.

Phlox John Baillie. Dark rosy pui-ple.

Phlox Mrs. Hare. Pure wliite, violet crimson eye.

Phlox Lady Elizabeth Home. French wliite, vermilion eye.

Phlox Juliette JtusseU. Wliite, crimson eye.

Phlox Triomphe de Twiclde. Crimson and white, striped.

Phlox Alphonse Karr. Deep crimson.

Plilox Professor Koch. Light vermiUon, dark eye.

Phlox Madame Lacerf. Clear paper white.

Phlox Madame Andry. "WTiite, crimson eye.

Phlox Madame Autin. Deep vennilion.

Phlox Mr. Thibeaut. Rosy crimson, dark eye.

Phlox Minerva. Rosy lilac, ciimson centre.

Phlox Spectahalis. Lilac, veined with purple.

Phlox la Oomte. Shaded rose, white centre.

CLASS III.

"ifett and higlisr.

Campanula pyramidalis. The pyramidal Bell-flower; blue and white.
Tuccafilammtosa. Adam's Thread ; white.

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. llo

Yuceaflaccida. Flaccid Yucca ; -white.
Phlox paniculata. Panicled Plilox ; purple and ■white.
£Ipiloiium spicatum. Purple-spiked Epilobium.
Anemone japonica. Jajjan anemone ; rose color.
Cassia Mari/Iandica. Maryland Cassia ; yellow.

SEPTEMBER AND OCTOBER.

CLASS I.

From G to 13 inches high.

Achillea ptarmica, pi. Douljle Jlilfoil; white.
Aster linif alius. Fine-leaved Aster ; white.
Oentiana Sap>onaria. Soapwort Gentian ; blue.
Scdum Sieholdtii. Japan Sedum ; i^ink.

CLASS n.
From 1 to 2 feet high.

Coreopsis grandiflora. Large yellow Coreopsis.
Etipatorium celestinum. Azure blue Eupatoiium.
Phlox 'Wheeleriana. Wheelers Phlos ; red.

CLASS ni.

^feet and higher.

Aster macrophylhis. Broad-leaved Aster ; white.
Eupatorium aromaticum. Fragrant Euijatorium ; white.
Liatris elegans. Elegant Blazing Star ; purple.
Liatris spicata and scarrosa. Blue Blazing Stare.
Aster novce-angliw. New-England Aster ; pui-plc.
Echinops ritro. Globe thistle ; blue.

Chrysanthemum indicum. Ai-temisias, many sorts and coloro
8

114 con' AGE RESIDENCES.

DESIGN VI.

An Irregular Villa in the Italian style, hracTceted.

This design shows a villa in the Italian style, of mode-
late size. It is liiglily irregular, and while it will, on
account of the great picturesqueness and variety growing
(Hit of this circumstance, be much more pleasing to a por-
tion of our readers, a great number of persons, who only
judge of a dwelling-house by a common-sense standard,
will probably prefer a more regular and uniform building,
like one of the previous designs. The latter class will
find no good reason for any extra cost incurred in creating
an irregular villa like this, as a more regular one would
afford the same comfort and convenience ; but persons who
have cultivated an architectural taste, and who relish the
higher beauties of the art growing out of variety, will give
a great preference to a design capable of awakening more
strongly emotions of the beautiful or picturesque, as well
as the useful or convenient. We mi<>;ht illustrate the uatu-
ral progress in taste in the fine arts which all persons
make, and their relative capacity of enjoying different
degrees of art, by a familiar examj^le drawn fi'om music.
Most persons, having an ear for music, but who have never
cultivated a taste for it, will be found greatly to prefer
simple airs, l)ecause the simple rhythm of melody is dis-
tinct, and easily understood ; the more intricate beauties of
harmony abounding in fine nmsical compositions, are only
intensely felt and enjoyed when our perceptions are en-
larged and heightened by education.

COTTAGE KESIDEXCE3. 115

The Italian mode is capable of displaying a rich domes-
tic character in its balconies, \-eraiidas, ornamental porches,
terraces, etc. The square tower, or carnpanile^ is a promi-
nent feature in villas in this style, and fi'equently confers
on the Italian compositions a character of great boldness
and dignity. The projecting roof and the round-arched
window are also chafacteiistic features.

The present design is intended for a situation where it
is desired to preserve the whole of the fine view from the
windows of the dra\ving-room unobstructed, and the en-
trance fi-ont is accordingly made on. the adjoining side.
After reaching the porch, see Fig. 49, we enter the vesti-
bule which occupies the lower floor of the tower, and from
thence the hall, leading through the building, and termi-
nating in a back porch of one story in height. Adjoining
the latter is a closet for stores.

On the left of this hall is an elegant drawing-room 20 by
24 feet, connected with a library 20 by 16 feet. At either
extremity of these rooms is a handsome projecting window
in the Italian mode, giving an aii- of dignity to the apart-
ments, and in front are three casement windows open-
ing to the floor of the veranda, both for the pui-pose of
allowing an uninterrupted view, and affording easy com-
munication.

On the rigljt of the hall is the dining-room, 20 by 10
feet. A pantry or store-room, 8 by 10 feet, opens into this
room. In front is a pretty little terrace, ornamented \x\\h
a few vases of terra cotta, or artificial stone.

The chamber floor of this design shows three bed-rooms,
20 by 16 feet, each with a pleasant balcony at one of its
windows, and two smaller bed-rooms. In the attic story
are three bed-rooms for servants, lighted by the windows
shown in the gables. From the attic a small staircase

IIG

COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

leads tbroiigli tlie lialf-story (with square windows) to
the upper stoiy of the campanile or tower, whence an
extensive prospect of the country for many miles round is
enjoyed.

CHAMBER. FLOOR

Fig. 50.

The kitchen of this villa is placed beneath the dining-
room; and ample cellarage, wine and store rooms, are
obtained under the main body of the house, at the other
side of the halL

The fanciful and convenient window-shades, or canopies,
occasionally employed in this style, may be made of can-
vas, supported by a light iron frame, or of light wood,
painted to resemble an awning. Handsome striped Italian
canvas for this j^iu-pose may now be had in New York.

A building in this style will be greatly heightened in
effect by being well supported by trees, the ii-regular forms
of Avhich ^vill harmonize with the character of the archi-
tecture. A Lombardy poplar or two, judiciously intro-
duced in the midst of groups of round-headed trees, will
have a hapj^y effect. The beautiful wooded situations on

COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

117

'mmmmiii^

Fig. 51.

the bauks of our fine rivers are, many of tliem, admirably
suited for an Italian villa of this kind.

Constimction. — ^^Ve have su^)- j._,^j_^f ^ ^

posed this villa to be built of ^,^,,,,jf^^J,%\ _f ^ ^ ^>-:'.i<K^^
wood, the bracketed construction
giving it a chai'acter of light-
ness; but the effect would be
even better if built of more solid
materials, and brick and stucco,
well constructed, would be very
durable under the shelter of the
broadly projecting roof. The
forms of brackets given in Fig.
44 of our last design are equally suitable here, d being
the bracket for the eaves in fi'ont. A portion of the
veranda is shown in Fig. 51. In this the upright columns
enclosing the lattice are supposed to be octagonal, and four
inches in diameter, the lattice itself being much heavier and
more durable than it is usually made. Its ceiling is made
of beaded and planed stuff, forming the sheathing for the
roof, and the rafters are in like manner beaded and plainly
shown. The chimney-tops of the main building should
come out at the rids^e of the roof, which will be effected
by draxoing over the stacks in the garret. The I'oof should
project at least 3 feet on every side. The principal
story should be 13 feet high in the clear, and the chamber
stoiy 10 feet.

Estimate. — ^The cost of this villa, handsomely finished,
will be about $6,800. [For the height of principal stoiy
■vve would say not over 12 feet, and for the cost say §10,000.
—Ed.]

118

COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

LAYING OUT TIIE GROUNDS.

The grounds attached to this villa are supposed to be
iil)out one hundred and lifty acres in extent, and we have

O D O O
O Q © o

G O C:. C

Fig. 53.

therefore been able to represent in the annexed engrav-
ing, Fig. 52, only a small part containing the house, and

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. HO

the more ornamental portion bordering tlie river. Tlie
house is situated on a plateau elevated about eighty feet
al)Ove the river, and the ground falls off somewhat rapidly
from this level along the river bank, and in the direction
indicated by the waved lines, a.

The approach, i, leads to the house, c, in gently curved
lines, and from thence to the stable and other out-build-
ings, d. ' There is a large orchard, a small part of which
is seen at e, the kitchen garden is located at f^ and at g is
a bathing-house on the river bank.

This place, like a great many in this country of its cha-
racter, we will suppose to possess a richly wooded hanging
bank on its river side. This will afford us a fine opportu-
nity to create a most agreeable series of walks, i. These
Avalks may be conducted in easy directions, through the
wood and along the bank, occasionally intersecting each
other. They may often approach each otlier very neai-,
without being visible one from the other, in consequence
of the thickness of the foliage in some places, or the irreg-
ularity of the surface in others. They will be full of
variety, — now leading to a point where a lovely view sud-
denly bursts upon us, and again plunging into a secluded
portion, where the dense foliage of evergreens shuts out
all other objects, and gives a quiet and secluded character
to the scene. Rustic seats, Fig. 53, placed here and there in
the most inviting S2">ots,
Avill both heighten the
charm and enable us to
enjoy at leisure the quiet
beauty around. A very
great advantage which fig. 53.

walks made in such a situation have, is the trifliua: care
and expense necessary to preserve them in order. But iew

120 COITAGE KESIDENOES.

weeds gro\v iu tlie shade of large forest trees, and the cha-
racter of the place renders it unnecessary that the walks
should have a very trim and neat appearance. The repose,
the variety, and the beauty of a sei'ies of walks of this
kind in several places that we could name, created with
very trifling ti'ouble, render them, in our opinion, far more
delio-htful than t^vice the same distance of walks in a com-
mou level flower garden. ,

These walks commence at the veranda at 7i, and form a
connected promenade terminating at the other end of the
veranda at 7c. Near the house, in the space commanded
by the drawing-room and library windows, are some bor-
ders of handsome flowering plants at I. At least the oval
area of lawn, m, and the space between the porch and
where the ground descends at a, should be kept constantly
mown, and in the highest order, so as to heighten, and ren-
der more forcible by contrast, the wilder and more pictu-
resque beauty of the sylvan walks i.

A turfed area for bleaching and drying clothes is set
apart and concealed by shrubbery at n.

"When a situation like this is selected for a villa resi-
dence, with a bank richly clothed by a natural growth of
forest trees, and with, perhaj)S, scattered groups of large
trees here and there elsewhere, the art of the improver
should lie iu harmonizing all his improvements with the
main features of the place already existing. Almost every
place of this kind has a natural character of dignity or
picturesqueness, derived from the rich banks of wood, the
noble river, and the finely undulating surface, which must
be kept in view in all embellishments. Tlie trees which
are planted in the larger breadths of lawn should be elms,
oaks, horse-chestnuts, and maples, or other species of large
gro^vth, so that they may correspond in expression, when

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 121

somewliat grown, witli those already existing. No formal
avenues or straiglit lines should he planted, to raise a dis-
cordant expression when viewed in the same coup cFwil
Avith tlie existing groups and masses of foliage ; and tlie
larger breadths of laAvn at a distance from the windows of
the house should not he broken up by any frippery walks
or parterres "which might detract from the breadth and
simjjlicity of the scene. In a place where there is a char-
acter of dignity and simplicity arising from extensive pros-
pect, large and lofty trees, and considerable breadth of
lawn, we should be extremely cautious about introducing
too much of the little details of flower garden or shrub-
bery ornaments in the fore-ground, lest they should de-
grade or weaken the original and higher character of the
scene. We should rather place the latter in a more
secluded spot, Avhei'e they will form objects of beauty to
be considered entirely by themselves, and not in connection
with other objects. For this reason it will l)e seen that
we have in this plan, and a previous one, confined the
flowering j)lauts to thi-ee or four beds cut in the turf near
the dra^V'ino'-room windows of the house.

The orchard and fruit garden. — A small portion of the
orchard, ^, appears on the plan, but as we have sujjposed a
place of this size to have a large and well-stocked orchard
and fruit garden, we shall here give a list of superior fruits,
which, having been tested, are known to be of first-rate
excellence in the climate of the Middle States. A fine
orchard and fruit garden, producing an abundant supply
of fruit at all seasons, is one of the greatest sources of
enjoyment in a country life ; and Avheu we consider how
easily good fruit is generally obtained in this country,
without the aid of walls or anything more than a moderate
degree of attention, it would certainly aj^pear a matter of

-^

122 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

just reproach, wliorever there is sufficient room, not to have
a first-rate collection of fruit.

Horticulture, but more especially pomology — that branch
of it devoted to fruits — ^has received so much attention both
in Eiu'ope and at home, tliat within the last twenty years
the number of delicious fi'uits capable of being I'aised in
the open air has been more than trebled. The Pear, espe-
cially, has been greatly improved and ameliorated, and has
indeed taken the first rank among dessert fruits, in con-
sideration of the variety in flavor, time of ripening, dura-
tion, and beaiity of the numerous sorts. The late autumn
and winter varieties are a very valuable acquisition to our
dessert at these seasons. Added to this, many of the new
sorts c»me into fruit at one-half or one-fourth the asre
necessary to the bearing of the older kinds.

Where a variety of soils occurs, as is frequently the case
in a large orchard, it is well to know those peculiarly
adapted to each fruit tree. Apples are found to thrive
best in a strong deep loam — if stony it is preferable ; j^ears
and cherries in a mellow gi'avelly loam ; plums in a strong
clayey loam, and peaches in a light sandy loam. Apples
may be j)lanted in an orcliard at from thirty to foi'ty-five
feet apart ; cherries and pears, fi'om twenty-five to thirty
feet ; peaches and plums, fi'om twenty to twenty-five feet.
In transplanting all fruit trees, be mindful not to commit
the common error of setting them too deep.

COITAGK llKSlDENCJiS.

12^

LIST OF THE FINEST VAEIETIES OF FRUIT

Fw the Orchard ind Fruit Garden.

CHERRIES.

Knight's Early Black.

Mayduke, fine for Hie table and for
coohing.

Black Tartarian, large and of fine
quality.

Black Eagle.

Bigarreau, or Graffion, large and deli-
cious.

DoTvnton.

Downer's Red, late and delicious.

Carnation, valuaMefor preserving.

Belle de Choisej, fine.

Elton, handsome and Ane.

BcUe et JIagnifique.

Belle d'Orleans.

Early Purijle Guigne.

Coe's Transparent.

Early Ricbmoud.

Rockport.

Napoleon Bigarreau.

Great Bigarreau.

Ohio Beauty.

Governor Wood.

Pontiac.

Empress Eugene.

Reine Horteuse.

Donna Maria.

Imperial Ottoman, hestearhj.

Green Gage.

Imperial, or Flushing Gage.

Coe's Golden Drop, handsome, very

late, and excellent.
Coe's Late Red, very late.
Bleeker's Gage, hardy and excellent.
Jefferson, yellow, large, and fine.
La Royale.
Lawrence's Favorite.
Washington, excellent.
Magnum Bonum, or Egg Plum,/o;'

jiresei-ving.
Smith's Orleans, 2'roductive.
Violet Imperatrice.
German Prune.
Purple Gage.

Autumn Gage, late andfiTte.
Purple Favorite, best purple.
Dennison's Superb.
Prince's Yellow Gage.
McLaughlin.
Prince Englebert.
Prune d'Agen.
Transparent Gage.
Guthrie's Late Green.
Bavay's Green Gage.
Pond's Seedling.
Lombard.

PLUMS.

Early Scarlet, or Cben-y Plum, very E;u-ly Royal George.
early. George IV., very fine.

124

COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

MoiTTS White Rai-eripe.

Red Rareripe.

Crawford's Late.

Snow Peach, handsome.

Red-cheek Melocaton.

Brevoort's 'Morris, fine.

Columbia.

Malta.

Large White Cling.

Early Kfwingtou.

Early York (serrate).

Heath Cling, late and fine.

Grosse Mignoime.

Old Jlixou Free.

Troth's Early.

Large Early York.

Susquehaimu.

Hale's Early.

Ward's Late Free.

Cooledge's Favorite.

Honey.

Moorpark, one of the very heat sorts.

Large Early, excellent.

Breda, su7'e hearer.

Blenheim or Shii-ley.

Peach.

1. Early Varieties.

Madeleine, early,

Bloodgood's Early, excellent.

Dearborn's Seedling, delicious.

Doyenne d'ftC.

Beurre Giffart.

Rosticzer.

Tyson.

2. Medium Period.

Flemish Beauty.

Seckel,^r«< quality.

*Doycnu6, or Virgalieu.

Stevens's Genesee.

Golden BeurrC of Billioa.

Fondaute d'Automne.

*Gansel's Bergamot.

Louise Bonne of Jersey.

Urbaniste, excellent.

Beurrfi Bosc.

Dis.

Bcun-6 d'Anjou, excellent.

Thompson's.

DoyermC Boussock.

BeurrC Diel, large and good on Quince's

stock.
Duchesse d'j\jigouleme, do.
Bartlett, or Williams Bonchrfitien.
Brandywiue.
Clapp's Favorite.
Baronne de Mello.
BeurrC de Waterloo.
Ananas, d'fite.
Edmunds.

Mai'echal de la Cour.
Do. du Cornice.
Howell.
Onondaga.
Souverain d'Esperen.
Slieldon.
Beurrfi Superfln.
Paradise d'Antonine.
Fulton.
BiifEum.

3. Late Varieties, from Nov. to May.

Glout Morceaux.

Bemrfi d'Aremberg, very fine.

Colural)ian.

* These sorts only for f.avorable localities.

COTTAGE RE3rDE:NCES.

125

Winter Nelis.

Lawrence.

Emile d'Heyst.

Dana's Hovey.

Doyenne d'iUen(;on.

Josephine do Malines.

Beurr6 Gris d'Hivor Nouveau.

NECTAKINES.

Early Violet, good and productive.

Downtou.

Elruge.

New White.

Many of the best winter varieties are
enumerated at pages 87, 88 ; the fol-
lowing are choice dessert fruits.
Red Astrachan, a very beautiful and

early sort.
Yellow Harvest, large and excellent.
Strawberry Apple.
William's Favorite, ieautiful.
Lady Apple, beautiful dessert fruit.
Northern Spy.
Ladies' Sweeting, ji?^?.
Esopus Spitzenberg, MgJi flavor.

Green Ne^-town Pippin.

Yellow Bellflower.

Baldwin, very productive.

Porter.

Fameuse.

Sops of Wine, early and handsorae.

Rhode Island Greening, excellent.

FaU Pippin.

Hubbardston Nonsuch.

American Golden Russet.

Cogswell.

Evening Party.

Garden Royal.

Primate.

Mother.

McLellan.

Grimes' Golden.

Haskell Sweet.

King of Tompkins Co.

Blaproth.

McLeUan.

Mother.

Melon.

Ohio Nonpareil.

Richard's Graft.

Summer Pippin.

Wagener.

Washington Strawberry.

In addition to tliese, we would recommend some of tLe
smaller fruits of choice varieties. The Delaware, Allen's
Hylirid, Adir()ndac,_ Concord, lona, and Israella grapes,
and some of the hardier foreign sorts, as tlie Golden
Chasselas, Black Cluster, and White Muscadine; the large
Red and the White Antwerp Raspberries ; the Large Early
Scarlet, Hovey's Seedling, and Burr's New Pine Straw-
berries ; the frizzled and prolific English Filberts, and tlie
Large White and Red Dutch Currants, may all be named
as indispensable in every fruit garden. [In addition to

12G COITAGE RESIDENCES.

tlie above the following fruits are to l)e recommended: —
For Iiax2'>herrie><, the. Orange, Francouia, Clarlc, and
Kennett's Giant, For Sfrawherries, the Triomphe de
(land, Jucnrula, Boston Pine, Crimson Cone, Agi'iciil-
turist, and Charles Downing. For CuvranU^ the White
Grape, the Cherry, tlie Versaillaise, May's Victoria, and
Black Naples. — c. d.]

In the cidtivation of fruits but little difficulty will be
experienced if a lieen watch is kej)t on insects, destroying
every appearance of a nest, brood, or swarm, as soon as it
makes its a[)pearancc. One man may often do more to
subdue and extei'minate a troublesome insect in an hour
or two, when it first appears, than a liost of men would
after it has had time to multiply, as it often ^vill in a week,
l)y thoiisands and tens of thousands.

In the case of the peach tree, examine the trees at the
root every spring and autumn, and take out the peach
worm, before it girdles the tree, with yom- knife; and
destroy every sickly-looking tree, especially every old one,
on your premises the moment it becomes fairly diseased — •
the Yellows, to which this fruit tree is liable, being a
contagious disease, spreading from tree to tree, so that it
is quite needless to plant kealthy young trees where old
ones are siiflrered to stand in their neighborkood. This
fact alone, when understood, is sufficient to solve all the
a])parent difficulties in cultivating this fruit of late years.
The knots, to which the plum is liable in some districts,
are caused by an insect, and the limbs infected with them
should be cut off and burned eai'ly in the spring. If the
fi'uit fall from the tree prematurely, it is j^robably caused
by the sting of the curculio, and tlie remedy lies in
destroying all the cm'culio for the next season by gathering
the fruit as soon as it falls (which contains the larva;), and

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 127

throwing it into the hog-pen; or in planting your stone
fruits in an enclosure by themselves, and letting the swine
run in it during the season when the green fruit is
falling.

128 COTTAGE RKSLDEKCES.

DESIGN VII.

An Irregular Cottage in the Old English Style.

The situation for this cottage may be in a richly wooded
plain, or a sequestered valley. It belongs to that class of
richly decorated rural Gothic edifices, abounding in cai'ved
vei'ge-boards and ])endants, clustered chimney tops, and
irregular outlines. There is something of freedom, or at
least quaint richness in its details — something indicating a
certain license of architectural imagination, not to be
precisely measured by the standard of the rule and squai'e,
or the strictly utilitarian view. Now a cottage of this
class must not, in any case, be erected on a bare plain, or
even one comparatively so, as in such a j)lace all its
picturesqueness would seem out of keeping — unmeaning —
and absurd. But let it l)e partially hidden, or half con-
cealed by clustering foliage, and assimilated, as it were,
with nature, by the interlacing and entwining branches and
l)owers around it, and of which its ornaments ai-e iu some
degi'ee a repetition, and we shall feel it to be in pei'fect
unison with its situation. Whoever has seen one of these
cottages, with its rich gables breaking out from among the
intricacy of tall stems and shado\\y foliage, will readily con-
fess that he has rai'ely Ijeheld anything more harmonioiis
and delightful than the charming effect thereby produced.

Some one has truly remai-ked that the architecture of
our dwellings is most appropriate when it embodies and
Ijreathes forth a home expression ; a character to which
Ave thiidc the rural Gothic, with its quaint, independent,
C()mfortal>le and extended air, seems fully to lay claim.

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 129

111 arranging tlie jjlan of the interior of tliis cottage,
Fitr. 56, we have had convenience, as well as elesfance, in
our mind. The neat porch which shelters the front door
is provided with suitable seats on eithei- side, which should
be made to correspond with, the architecture. On opening
this door we find ourselves in the vestibule, or entrance
hall. This we shall suppose fitted iip with a dado or base,
three and a half feet high, of wood grained in imitation
of oak or black walnut, and the walls painted of some
grave color, to give greater effect to the rooms. The
vestibule opens on the left into a pleasant little rooiu,
twelve by eighteen feet, which may be devoted to a study
or library, and neatly fitted Tip with book-cases. In build-
ing, it will be found that recesses may be left in the walls
for these book-cases, so that they will occupy but little
space in. the apartment. On the ojDposite side of the hall
is the livinsr or dininof room, seventeen by eisjhteen feet.
This room is lighted by one of the large, square muUioned
■windows, so common in the old English houses, which
should be finished on the inside Avith a window-seat. A
china closet is made on the right of the chimney-breast
in this room, and on the other side of the hall are a
pantry and a store-room, of good size, very convenientlj^
disposed.

The dining-room communicates with the pai-lor or draw-
ing-room on its right. The drawing-room is, of course,
the finest room in size, aspect, and proportion in the house,
being twenty-two by nineteen, feet, with a fine semi-hexagon
bay, which, projecting boldly, will give three distinct
views to a person standing within it. We would have
the ceiling of this and the dining-room ribbed, and peiliaps
slightly arched, in the form of two inclined ])laues, rising

eight or ten inches from the side walls to the highest part
9

130 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

of tlie ceiling. Tlie wood- work of tlie wliole of tliis story
.slnnild be fiuislied simply and consistently, that is, with
suitalde Gothic mouldings, and the whole slioidd be painted
and grained in imitation of oalc, or of black walnut. Tlie
effect of tlie rooms will be still more pleasing if the walls
are colored some harmonious neutral tint. The fui-niture
should be in strict character with the style of the house,
which may be easily obtained, without any additional
expense, by choosing simple and suitable forms.

At the end of the hall leading to the drawing-room is a
bed-room, 19 by 13 feet, with a closet. This would make
a convenient Ijed-room for the master and mistress of the
house. Adjohiing it is a dressing-room, which,' if neatly
and tastefully fitted up with everything ai^jiertaining to a
lady's toilet, will give this bed-room a highly comfortable
and refined air.

The staircase is placed at the other extremity of this
hall, and it may be made more private or secluded, if it is
thought desirable, by an oaken screen of open Avoodwork.
Under this staircase is constructed a descendinij; flight lead-
ing to the cellar.

On the sides of the passage leading from the hall to the
kitchen are the pantry, the larder, and the store-room, li^y
])lacing these most useful and convenient appendages in
this position, we not only make them at once easily acces-
sible from the kitchen or the dining-room, but we also
remove the kitchen, with its concomitant noises and odors,
to some distance from the main hall, and these may be still
further lessened in effect jjy having a door at both ends
of this passage, to be shut Avlien required.

The kitchen itself is sixteen feet square ; it is amply
lighted and ventilated, anl communicates directly with
the open air by the passage at the farther side. In this

COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

181

passage is a servants' staircase, coinmuuicatinfj Avitli tlie
apartments in tlie chamber story.

SECOND FLOOR

Fm. 57.
The chamber story contains abundant accommodation
for a cottage. There are three handsome bed-rooms, and
two of a smaller size. That over the drawing-room being
the largest, and the most beautiful in form, may be kept
as the " state bed-room," being fitted up with all the appli-
ances of comfort in its furniture and fixtures. The little
room over the porch will make a delightful room for a
bachelor ; or if one of the young ladies takes a fancy to it,
it will make a little hijoio of a boudoir, the oriel Avindow
giving a character of novelty and beauty to the whole
apartment. On the second floor of the kitchen wing are a
bath-room, near the main hall (which may be supplied
with hot water by pipes leading to a boiler in the kitchen
below), and three servants' bed-rooms. There is also a
water-closet at the end of the passage in this wing, the
discharge-pipe from which is concealed in the partition, in
a closed trimk or chamber.

13:

COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

Tliis class of dwellings abroad is frequently covered
with tliatcL, whicli has a pleasing rustic effect. But our
snowy and changeable climate will soon destroy so frail a
material, and it is therefore unfit for covei'ing the roofs of
liuildings for habitation. Our best shingles, however,
afford an excellent material for covei'iug roofs, and if those
of good size and thickness are chosen, and shaped as we
have directed in a former page, they will have a pictu-
i-esque and agreeable effect, and make a very durable roof
when ])ainted with the cheap, coarse paint now so gene-
rally used for this piu'pose. The roof of this cottage should

Fig. 58.

1)6 extended boldly, say two to three feet, to give force
and expression to the exterioi', and to protect the walls
fully. The ends of the rafters arc projected, so as to ap-
jjear as visible supports at the eaves. A verge-boa I'd is
shown on a lars-ei- scale in Fio-. .58. This would be suitalde
for the porch gable, and the others may be made simpler

COTTAGE KESIDENCE3. 133

and still bolder with good effect. The chimuey-toj)s should

be characteristically made of ornamental moulded bricks,

or shafts may be selected of pretty patterns in cut stone.

Although the partitions in Avhich the dining-room and

study flues are carried uj) are not in the centre, it will be

easy to draw over these stacks

in the garret, so as to briucj

them out at the ridge or ajDex

of the roof, which will ha\'e :

the best effect. A plan of tlie ;

bay window is sho-wn in Fig. cottage bay window.

59, in which the inside shutters fig. 59.

fold into boxes on each side.

In a country where good bricks are abundant and easily
obtained, we should prefer to build this cottage of good
smooth brick. The raw and disasrreeable color of new
brick we would destroy by painting it three good coats in
oil, of some one of the neutral shades given in a previous
illustration, perhaps that one designated by F. By build-
ing it of brick, in the best manner, we should not only
have solid enduiing walls, but, to those familiar with Eng-
lish cottage architecture, it would h*ve an agreeable effect
by creating an allusion to the same material chiefly em-
ployed in that country.

All the exterior wood-work in this cottage (except the
roof) we would either make of real oak, and oil it, "n'heu
it would assiune a warm lich tone of color by the effects
of time, or we would paint and grain it in imitation of
oak. If cither of these modes should be considered too
expensive, it may be plainly painted the same color as the
house, or a few shades darker.

Should the execution of such a design as this fall into the
hands of an ordinary country carpenter, without suital)le

1^)4 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

working drawings from an architect, tlie probability is tluit
Le ■would destroy its beauty and character by reducing all
its characteristic features to the most meagre level, until
all the boldness and spirit of the style would be lost. He
A\ ill cut the gable ornaments out of thin boards, make the
niullions of the windows of slender timber, reduce the
pi'ojection of the roof and the irregularity of the ground
l)lan. If the amateur builder is so unfortunate as to fall
into the hands of such a person, he will be very likely to
get the emaciated shadow of the rural Gothic cottage, not
its bold, picturesque, and striking reality. We mention
this to put our reader, whose taste may lead him to build
a cottage in this style, on his guard ; and we advise him,
as in the end the most economical and most satisfactory
mode, to employ a competent builder, and to procure
accurate working di'awiugs from an architect of ability
before he commences.

Msthnate. — The cost of this cottage, built in the manner
we have here suggested, would be al)0ut $7,600, [The
cost now Avould be from $17,000 to $20,000.— Ed.]

THE GROUNDS OF THIS RESIDENCE.

In designing this cottage, we have had in view a qniet,
sequestered situation in a long valley, or rather dale, in
which there ai'e ten or twelve acres of nearly level land,
pretty well clothed witli a natural growth of forest trees,
and backed on either side by wooded hills fifty or eighty
feet above the level of the dale.

There is an entrance lodge at the point where the
approach diverges from the main road h^ Fig. 60, Avhich is
to be built in the same style as tlie cottage, but in a more
siin])lr' and nistic manner. From this point the approach

COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

134*

IFig. GU.;

COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

135

leads by a graceful curve to tlie liouse c, and from tLence
to tlie stable aud other farm buildings d^ having a gi'avel
sweep for tui'ning carriages in front of the poi'ch, and
another for discharging articles from a cart at the kitchen
door e.

In its orio-inal state, the Avhole of the sui'face of this
dale fromy^to g, is thickly covered with wood. Tliis we
proj)ose to thin out and render an ornamental and inter-
esting part of the place, by leading tkrough it the series
of plants marked i in the plan. These walks would be
cool and shady in summer, and would have a delightful
sylvan character at all seasons. In thinning out a natural
Avood on a place like this, a good deal of care and judg-
ment is necessary to obtain a pleasing effect and preserve
the best trees in good condition.* Were we to go into the
wood and thin out the trees here and there, so as to leave
the finest specimens standing singly, the probability is that
these trees, thus suddenly losing the support of their
fellows that had grown uj) in close contact with them on
every side, would be blown down aud destroyed by the
first severe autmnnal gale accompanied with rain. Good
judgment, as well as good taste, will rather dictate that we
should thin them out in masses here and there, leaving pretty
open glades 7i, at intervals, which being soon covered with
a fine green turf, and catching the gleams of sunlight, will
be a charming contrast to the groups and thickets around.
The trees thus left in groups and masses will afEord each
other protection and support against the wind, and Avill
gradually strengthen and exj^and in their roots and lieads,
until they become luxuriant and spreading. "\Ye should

* Always lay bare the roots, and dig or cut out the tree below the surface of the
soil. This will leave the ground clear, and not covered by straggling stumps which
it is afterwards more difficult to extricate than to cut the whole tree out properly.

136 COTT^iGK RESIDENCES.

bear in mind, also, not to trim off tlic lower brandies of
such trees, unless they are dead or unsightly ; as thej' will
probably never be replaced, and the highest beauty of a tree
as an ornamental object consists in its Xmw^^parh-lihe, that is,
luxuriantly feathered with foliage quite down to the ground.

These walks, after traversing the little wood, lead to the
summit of the hill, where a rustic arbor, h, serves as a
resting-place, and. affords a pleasant view. On the supjw-
sition that the sui'face on the right of the Avalk, i (where
it first leaves the house), is open, or clothed with a few
scattered trees, we \\\\\ introduce a rich belt, m, of flower-
ins: shrubs on the side of this walk. This belt will be a
pleasant contrast, in its lively show of blossoms, to the
graver character of the forest trees, and it will serve the
important piirpose of concealing this walk from a person
coming up the approach, and vice versa ; a circumstance
which should never be lost sight of in places of moderate
size, where it is always desirable to increase their apparent
dimensions.

On the line of this approach, as there Avere not trees in
sufficient abundance to give it a wooded ajipearance, we
should plant some fine maples, elms, and sycamores, and
near the house some Eurojjean larches, Scotch elms, and
other exotic trees. As the trees already clothing the place
are large, and as all newly planted trees will therefore be
likely to look somewhat insignificant for a few years, we
should be careful to prepare tlie soil tlioroiiglihj, as pre-
viously described, before planting them. This will not
only cause them to grow much more vigorously, but it -will
give them almost at once a luxuriant appearance, which
goes very far to lessen the apj^arent disparity between a
large tree and a small one; as we never despair of that
which we see making rapid advances.

COTTAGE EESIDENCES. 137

A regular, symmetrical flower garden is only in good
keeping witli a Grecian, Italian, or other Liglily architec-
tural building. For a cottage of a highly rural air, like
the present, something is required of a less formal char-
acter, and which shall leave a little more room for the
exercise of the fancy. Such an irregular flower garden, n,
we have designated (on a very small scale) on the right of
the house, which is looked into fi'om the drawing-room
MdndoAvs. It mil be seen that the beds are irregular, and
that the whole garden is surrounded by an ii-regular jjlau-
tation of small ornamental trees and flowerina; shrubs.*
The beds may be surrounded by turf kej^t neatly mown,
or by gravel. [A very excellent and speedy Avay of
mowing a small lawn is by the Excelsior Imj)roved Lawn-
cutter — cutting fourteen inches wide, and so light a lady
can use it. It may be procm-ed of C. Lawson, successor
to L. M. Smith &, Co., Newburgh. — h. w. s.] Or a gravel
walk may be led through the centre of the space between
the beds, and a border of tui'f left on either side wide
enough for walking upon. The latter will perhaps be the
preferable mode, as in damj) weather the hard, firm gravel
will be j)referred, and in warm sunny days the soft turf
will be more as-reeable to the tread.

The kitchen garden o, is placed in the rear of the house,
in a sheltered position between the rising ground on either
side. From the barn and stables a lane p, leads to the
farm land in grass and tillage beyond, which has a separate
back entrance leading into the public road.

When a place like this occurs, as it occasionally does, in
the midst of a more cultivated and less wooded nei2:hbor-
hood, it will be a delightful surprise, Avith its highly

* A larger plan of a flower garden of this description may be found in our
" Treatise on Landscape Gardening."

138 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

picturesque air, to a stranger entering it for the first time.
It will be a much easier place to render efEective than a
level plain with few trees, if we carefully study the
natural expression of the scene, and only attempt to
heighten, not to alter it by o\ir improvements. In the
wooded walk, which is the principal feature of interest in
this place, there will doubtless be many beautiful wild
plants growing naturally. These we should by all means
foster, and we may increase their charm by collecting
fi'om other and richer localities all the ornamental indi-
genous plants which may be made to thi'ive in such a
situation.

A Cottage in the same Style, suitable for a Gate Lodge
for tlds Residence^ or for a small Fam^ily.

In the opposite illustration. Fig. 61, we have indicated
a very simple cottage in the same style as Design VII.,
which would be well adapted for a lodge at the entrance
gate h. In this situation it would probably be occupied
by the gardener, the farmer, or some family in the employ-
ment of the j>roprietor of this residence. When a stranger
entered the place, this cottage would of course first arrest
his attention, and, with its old English and pretty rural
expression, would serve as a prelude or agreeable prepara-
tion for the more varied and extensive cottage of the owner
of the demesne.

It would otherwise make a neat and picturesque d^vell-
ing, if properly located, for a small, respectable family,
who wish to lead a tpiiet and simple life. Although its
accommodation is limited, yet it may be made to assume
an air of taste and neatness, ahvays agreeable to the mind,
and often more striking in its effect, when met with in

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 139

perfection in a charming little cottage, tLan in a stately-
mansion.

An examination of the plans of tlie interior, Figs. 62 and
63, will show the arrangement of the rooms. There is a
parlor or living-room, lighted by two windows, one of them
a bay-window, and adjoining it a pantry, a bed-room, and
kitchen on the first floor. On the second floor are two
bed-rooms, a large closet or wardrobe, and a smaller closet
for linen. The kitchen is a wing added in the rear, with a
gable and roof joining the main roof in a similar manner
to that over the porch in the view of the front. The con-
struction of this cottage is so similar to that of Design
VII., just described, that we need not repeat the details.

Much o4 the pleasing effect of the most ornamental
English cottages of this kind arises from the employment
of vines and other climbing plants of different sorts, which,
growing over and partly concealing portions of the exte-
rior, render them, rich with blossoms, verdure and fragrance,
perfect wonders of rural beaixty. For this purpose our
Virginia Creeper, the Trumpet monthly Honeysuckles, tlie
Boursault, the Double Prairie, and the English White Climb-
inir Koses, are most suitable in this climate.

Estimate. — This cottage may be built of wood for 8830.
[The cost now would be $1,600.— Ed.]

1-40 COITAGE EESLDENCES.

DESIGN VIII.

A Villa in the Italian Style.

Tins is a design in the modern Italian style, some of the
merits of which we liave previously pointed out. It will
be at once perceived that, while this mode retains much of
the expression of the Grecian style, it has far more variety,
and a much more domestic character than the latter. The
characteristic quality of the purest specimens of Grecian
architectui'e is elegant sim^liciti/, and it is a qiiality Avhich
is most appropriately displayed in a temple. On the
other hand, we should say that the characteristic quality
of the modern Italian buildings is elegant variety, which is
most fitly exhibited in a tasteful villa. The great sim-
plicity of form of the first is highly suited to a temple,
where the singleness of purpose to which it is devoted
appears syud:)olized in the simple Oneness of the whole
edifice ; the irregularity of the second is equally in unison
with the variety of wants, occupations, and pleasures
which compose the roiitine of domestic life.

In our last design we have shown a cottage highly
suited to a romantic vale, or sylvan nook, by the rustic
pictiu'esqueness of its ensemble ; the present one is equally
appropriate for an open smiling plain, diversified by hill
and dale, and sprinkled with groups and masses of trees.
The more finished and architectural character of the build-
ing requires less the support of thickets of trees and intri-
cacy of scenery to produce a harmonious imion. The ele-
gance of an Italian villa is produced mainly by the assem-

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 141

blage of simple and effective lines in its exterior, Init it is
also greatly eulianced by tlie introduction of such beautiful
and refined features as the terrace ^vith its ornamental balus-
trade and vases, and the l^alcony \\ith its shade or canopy.

The terrace is a paved walk or smooth area, liigher than
the adjoining grounds, and twenty or more feet in width,
surrounded by a handsome balustrade of stone, or of wood
formed to imitate heavy Italian balusters. At suitable
distances along the top of this balustrade may be placed
vases of terra cotta, artificial stone, or more costly mate-
rials, and of classic forms, in jjroper keeping with the
style of the building. As an object of taste the terrace is
universally admired, because it serves to connect, by a
gradual transition, so higlily artificial an object as an
architectural dwelling with the more simple forms of natu-
ral objects around. There is felt to be something incon-
gruous in a highly finished house set down, as we some-
times see it, without the least reason or preparation, in the
middle of a green lawn ; but let the base of the house
extend itself by a handsome terrace, and let the character-
istic forms of the building be occasionally repeated near
by, in the shai^e of a few pedestals with vases or other
sculptured objects, and there is at once produced a harmo-
nious union between the architecture and the landscape,
or, in other words, between the house and the grounds.

As an object of utility, the terrace is a most comfortable
and agreeable feature, affording a firm, dry, and secure
walk, sunny and warm in the mid-day of winter, and cool
and airy in the mornings and evenings of summer. From
it, in many situations, access is had to the flower garden,
the luxuriant creepiug and climbing plants of which, en-
wreathing gracefuU}^ here and there the balustrade, fu-
hanging in clusters of rich blossoms about the sculptured

142 COTl'AGE RESIDENCES.

vase, increase the harmony growing out of this artistically
contrived union of nature and art. [See page 235.]

In this cottage villa of very moderate size, we have
endeavoi-ed to combine several of the peculiar beauties of
the Italian style. Its fafade, see Fig. 64, comprises a
s<|uai'e tower or campanile, an arcade or Italian veranda,
the triple round-arched windows, and the ridged or fur-
rowed roof ; and on the left is seen a portion of the teiTace,
Avhich extends alons: the whole south side of the buildina;.
In the stack of chimneys to the left is shown the usual
Italian form ; in the central one, of loftier dimensions
(which we have there introduced to improve the compo-
sition by giving it a more pyramidal outline), we have
copied one not uncommon in Florence.

In its accommodation this house is moderate, and yet
Ave trust it Avill be found convenient and ao-reeable. The
fi'ont door is approached fi'om the arcade, or veranda of
the entrance front. Fig. 05. Opening this we arrive in
the entrance-hall, -which may be veiy comjiletely connected
with the veranda when the door and window are open in
summer. The stair-case is conveniently and yet privately
situated, as it is placed in a separate division of the hall,
which may be excluded any time by a door between them.
At the side of the hall opposite the front door is the din-
ing-room, 17 by 20 feet, with a pantry opening into it on
the left. Proceeding to the door at the left end of the hall,
Ave enter the drawing-room, 20 by 22 feet, opening by its
two casement AvindoAvs to the terrace, and enjoying a fine
view of the laAvn through the large projecting window on
the front. Directly in the rear of this room is the lil>rary,
more qiiiet and secluded in its position, and of less size,
but therefore more in character Avith the pui-poses for
which it is destined.

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 14.3

We must not forget the hotidoir, situated at the other
extremity of the hall, ^yhich occupies the lower pait of the
tower. This may be very tastefully and prettily fitted up,
and used by the lady of the house as a morning room for
receiving social calls ; or, if prefei'red, it would sei've admi-
rably as a dressing-room, and with a caltinet l)edstead, as a
bed-room at night when necessary. There is a private or
back door to the hall, at the end of the passage leading
into tliis houdoir.

SECOND
Fia. CG.

FLOOR

By a glance at the plan of the second floor, Fig. 66, the
number and sizes of the sleeping apartments will be readily
■understood. There are five bed-rooms of different dimen-
sions, including that in the tower, from which a light and
fanciful open stairs may lead to the apartment in tlie cam-
panile, serving as a belvidere or observatory. There is a
large linen-closet in the front hall, and wardrobe-closets may
be made in each of the bed-rooms.

The basement of this 'house may contain a kitchen
directly beneath the dining-room, a cellar under the
drawing-room, a store-room and laundry under the libra-
ry, and a man-servant's bed-room in the basement of the
tower.

14 J: COITAGK RESIDENCES.

Altli'oucrli from tlie strono: contrasts of lio-lit and shade
in an Italian elevation like this, tliere is mucli boldness and
painter-like effect, yet, as these arise chiefly from the em-
ployment of a few strong lines and well-marked features,
tlie Italian, it will be perceived, is a comparatively easy
and an economical style. In tliis country, especially, it
Avill for some time be found that a building in this style
may he erected with less troul)le than one like the preced-
ing design, because the ordinary mechanics are all familiar
with the details of Gi'eciau architecture, -which are chiefly
employed, with slight variations, in its execution.

An important advantage which the Italian architecture
possesses over the Greek, is the very great capacity which
its irregular form offers for additions that may be wanted
at any future period. One of our Greek-temjde dwelling-
houses, on the other hand, is originally so complete in its
form that its fair proportions would be greatly marred by
adding any apartments that the comfort or convenience of
the family might suggest, when increased in wealth or
number. In carrying the present design into j^ractice,
should it be preferred to enlarge or extend it by adding a
kitchen and oifices on the first floor, a wing for this pur-
pose might be extended to the right of the dining-room, a
little in the rear of the tower, which, if judiciously com-
])osed, would heighten the effect of the whole pile of
building, by giving it greater extent and irregularity,
two important elements of beauty in Italian villa archi-
tecture.

Construction. — We would ei£her build this house of the
smoothest and best brick, and paint it in some soft, pleas-
ing shade, or of the roughest bi'ick, Tind coat it with the
best cement, colored to resemble a light mellow stone. The
solidity of the architecture would scarcely permit the em

COTTAGE liESIDENCES.

u:

I)l()3'ment of toood as a material for the whole of tliis edi-
fice, altLougb tlie lighter character of
the bracketed Italian (Design V.) is S
well suited, to wood. Should econ "'

Fia. 67.

omy oblige ns to construct the Ijal-
cony and terrace balustrades of wood,
they should be made in a l)old man-
ner, and thorougldy painted and sand-
ed, to imitate the material of the house. In Fitr. 67 is
shown the Italian balcony; in Fig. 68, the arcade on the

I .^ :t t-^l: ff::f>f t4 4 4 -f- riJ-.^ .^

A R C A D e

Fig. 68.

entrance fron,t, both to a lai-ger scale. The central Floren-
tine chimney, Avhich is of a very handsome description, is
shown in Fig. 69. The body of this chimney-
top may be built of common bricks, and the or-
namental apex or summit of cut stone.

Tlie roof is one of tlie most striking features
in t'liis style, Avhich arises (on the continent)
from its being made ornamental by employing
laro-e furrowed tiles. When these are not at
hand, the effect may be easily imitated by a
covering of tin or zinc put on in the ridge man-
ner, the riljs being made bold and heavy. This is not only
10

Fia. 69.

1-46 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

a handsome, but an equally economical and a mucli more
secure mode than the common one of soldering the whole
surface, generall)'' practised. The j'oof of a house in this
style is made sufficiently steep to render the latter unneces-
sary. In painting it, either a dai'k l)ro\vn or slate color
should be chosen.

Estimate. — ^This design would cost $8,800 if the balus-
ti'ades, etc., were cut of freestone. If made of wood,
$7,000. [Would cost in brick $18,000, and in wood,
815,000.— Ed.]

aerakgement of the grounds.

A house like this woidd naturally demand a situation
where some consideral)le extent of ground could be
obtained. It would be highly suital)le for a handsome
villa residence in the country, of a moderate size, com-
prising from eighty to one hundred and fifty acres of land.
A laige portion of this would be kept under culture, and
Avould serve to give employment to the projjrietor in his
character of an amateur farmer. Near the house ten or
twenty acres may l)e devoted to lawn, all of which may
Ite kept mown ; that nearest the house being of course
more neatly and more frequently cli])])ed by the scythe, to
accoi'd with the air of elegance and polish always to be
observed in the precincts of a handsome dwelling.

In the jjlan here given. Fig. 70, we have attempted to
convey an idea of the arrangement of tliat portion of the
grounds directly about the house, as our previous examples
have probably given sufficient hints to the management of
the more distant and extended portions, including the
approach. The trees introduced in this design should be
chiefly those of lai'ge, finely rounded heads, and graceful

COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

14G*

^^

IRg. 70 1

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 147

sweeping brandies, and they should be grouped in such a
manner as to allow them to develop themselves in their
utmost beauty of form on every side.

The dwelling a, we have placed on a little table of land
descending gently on every side, and about one hundred
and twenty feet distant from the shore of a pretty little
natural lake on the left. The approach leading from the
pul_)lic road through the demesne to the house is shovvTi, in
part, at b / a gravelled sweep for carriages, c, is formed
in front of the arcade, and the road d, leading to the
stable and farm buildings, branches of£ at the right of the
house.

The most important feature in this plan which \vq shall
endeavor to describe here, is the architectural flower-
garden ^, which will be seen occupying a considerable
space on the left of the house. The terrace /", the beauty
and utility of which we have already insisted upon, lies in
this direction, serving as a kind of beautiful extended base
to the house. We shall suppose this idea still further
carried out in the architectural flower-garden which sur-
rounds this terrace, and which, lying directly below it,
affords a fine display from the windows of the drawing-
room and library.

We are not admirers of geometric or formal flower-
gardens like this, considered by themselves, and merely as
flower-gardens, because we think a natural arrangement is
more replete with beauty and grace, and is capable of
affording a much higher kind of pleasure. But this kind
of architectural flower-garden, so common in Italy, and so
appi'opriate an accompaniment to residences of this kind,
I'equires to be regardetl in anothei' light. It is not only a
garden for the display of plants, but it is a garden of
architectural and floral beauty combined; it is as much au

148 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

accessory of tlie building as a portion of tlie grounds, and
therefore it very properly exhibits much of the regularity
and symmetry of architectural forms and compositions.
It contains plants, trees, and shrubs, it is true, in great
profusion, but the beauty of these is heightened, and ren-
dered more brilliant, by the introduction of elegant vases,
sculptured urns, or perhaps a few statues of floral deities,
or busts of distinguished persons. Those who have never
seen the lively effect that may be produced by a garden
of this kind, joined to an elegant villa, the architectural
forms of which seem repeated in the garden and thus
beautifully harmonized mth nature, can scarcely conceive
how charming it appears. A summer moonlight walk on
this terrace, while we hear the silence broken only by the
gentle murmur of the fountain at <?, and see, softly gleaming
in the silvery beams, the sculptured vases, clustered over
l)artially by luxuriant climbers, and backed by dark
masses of rich waving shrubs and flowers, would be
suflicient to remind one, of even the most indifferent
poetical temperament, of the garden of Boccaccio,

Wliore, half concealed, the eye of fancy views

Fauns, nymphs, and wingBd saints, all gracious to his muse.

Still in the garden let me watch theh pranks.

And see in Diau's vest between the ranks

Of the trim vines, some maid that half believes

The vestal fires, of which her lover grieves.

With that sly satyr peeping through the leaves !

Coleridge.

In tke example of this kind of garden attached to this
house we should not expect to find so costly a decoration
as marble vases introduced, but all the beauty of form,
and nearly all that of material, may be obtained at a very
moderate cost, suited to our more econonucal habits in this

COTTAGE KESIDENCES.

149

country, in vases and oruameuts of terra cotta, or artificial
stone."" The exorljitant price paid for some single article
of fashionable furniture, sucli as we not unfrequently find
in our country bouses of this class, would embellish a whole
architectural garden with vases.

It should always be remembered that all
vases, urns, or other sculptured ornaments
for gardens and grounds, should be jiilaced
on pro-per jiedestals, plinths, or bases, to serve
as a firm support. A pedestal not only se-
cures a firm and an upright position, but it
gives a dignity and importance to the vase
as a work of art, •\\'hich it would not have if
it were loosely and carelessly placed upon
the ground, or the gravel walk. A simple
form for such a pedestal is shown in Fig.
71, Z), l)ut a great variety of a more ornamental descrip-
tion will be suggested by a study of classical antique
desia;ns.

This garden, octagonal in its form, we would surround
by a light and low balustrade-like fence, k, to be partially
concealed by creepers. At the angles of this fence we
would place pedestals for supports, m, each to be crowned
by a vase of some simple form. These pedestals, and
those in the inteiior of the garden that we intend for vases,
are designed by the x mark on the plan.

The beds or parterres for flowers we would border with
box, that being a very regular, architectural looking plant,
and a very permanent one for this pui-pose. The walks
should be of gravel, made hard and firm by the use of the

Fia. 71.

* Some specimens of terra cotta vases may be fovmd at the Salamander Works,
Cannon Street, Xew York. Those in artificial stone may be had at Gibson's or
Goodwin's warehouses.

150 COITAGE KESIDENCE3.

roller. The collection of plants chosen for the garden may-
vary somewhat to suit the taste of the proprietor, but the
most satisfactory result will be attained by choosing such
shrubs and herbaceous plants as are distinguished for rich-
ness and depth of color in their foliage, and for a massy
and luxuriant habit of growth, as well as for beauty or
delicacy of blossom. All lean, starved, and meagre-looking
plants, mere botanical rarities, or such as are pretty for a
short time, and then only remain to offend the eye and
destroy the general ensemble of luxuriant verdure and
bloom, should be rejected from a garden of this kind.

It -will be a fortunate circumstance should a spring exist
somewhere on a neighboring height, whence it may be
brought in concealed pipes to supply this fountain. "When
this is out of the question, a cistern constructed in the
upper story of some outbuilding, at no. great distance, may
afford a sufficient supply for playing in the evening, or at
certain times during the day.

The French have an ingenious method of raising water
from a well for this pui'pose, which has been put in prac-
tice in some places in this country at little expense. A
small wooden tower or square building is placed in a con-
venient position over a w^ell, and where it is not too con-
sjjicuous an object, and furnished with sails like a wind-
mill, and a simple shaft and apparatus for drawing water
by means of a pump to a cistern of good caj^acity in the
toj) of the tower. This will furnish a fountain, ov jet (Teau
of moderate size, -with a sufficient supply of water during
the whole summer at little trouble, and mthout intermis-
sion, if the cistern be made lara;e enous^h to hold a small
over-supply for an occasional calm day. A still simpler
mode of raising water for such pur^joses is the liydraulic
ram, lately brought into common use, and sold at all the

COTTAGE KESIDENCES. 151

agricultural warehouses. Where a spring or small brook
can be commanded, that will fill constantly a leaden pipe
of one and a quarter inch in bore, the hydraulic ram may
be used to raise water to the tops of buildings or the high-
est parts of the grounds at very moderate expense.

152 CO'JTAGK KESIDENCES.

DESIGN IX.

A Cottage in the Italian, or Tuscan Style.

Tiiio design for this cottage, Fig. 72, lias been kindly
sent us for this work l)y J. Notman, Esq., Architect, of
Philadelphia.

In the plan of the principal story. Fig. 73, there is an
entrance hall with a handsome staircase, and an apartment
on either side; that on the I'ight being a parlor, and that
on the left a dining-room. In the piei's on either side of
the staircase are spaces which designate hot-air flues, which
proceed from the furnace in the basement, and by means of
registers, warm all the apartments in the house, although
the four principal ones have fire-places besides, for occa-
sional use if necessary.

The first flight of stairs ascends half the storj^, and on a
level with the landing here is the broad and airy balcony
in the i-ear, entered by a fair round-headed window, open-
ing to the floor. Underneath, this 1)alcony foi-ms a kind
of partly enclosed apartment, serving as a wash-room or
outer-kitchen in summer.

There is also a balcony over the recessed porch in front,
which is a pleasant appendage to the chamber floor. This
floor, Fig. 74, affords three pleasant bed-rooms, and there
is a fourth of more ample size in the third story of the
central portion of the cottage, Avhich is, Ijoth with regard
to its proportions and the fine bird's-eye view it commands,
a very pleasant apartment.

The plan of the basement. Fig. 75, sufficiently explains
itself. In the middle of the hall below is the furnace for

COTTAGE EESIDENCES.

153

supplying heated air, and on either side are the kitchen,
the store-room, and the fuel cellar.
This design, Mr. Notman remarks, might be altered and

T

T

CHAMBER

BlItF" I 1*" " mB

g BALCONY g

SECOND STORY
EiG. 74.

improved, -nathout any variation of the present form, by
elongating the flanks, and adding a suite of rooms in the
rear. It may be built of brick and cement, or of wood ;
and a very simple kind of interior finish would be in the

Fi0. 75.

best taste for a cottage of this class. The roof may be
covered with tin, zinc, or shingles, and the joints between
tlie roof of the wings and the wall of the central portion
sliould be well protected by broad lead or copper flashings

-i

154 COTTAGE keside^(;j:s.

or strips, running np a foot or more on the roof and wall,
and being built in the latter in the usual manner.

Estimate. — ^This cottage, well constructed of solid mate-
rials, and neatly finished, would cost $3,000. If built of
wood, filled in with brick, the expense might be slightly
reduced. The design has been executed in a more elegant
and costly manner near Philadelj)hia. [Would cost $5,000
to $6,000.— Ed.]

AEEANGEMENT OF THE GEOTJND.

For the sake of illustration, we shall suppose this to be
a suburban dwelling, placed upon a long and narrow lot of
ground, that being the most common form near towns, and
the most difficult one to .render agreealjle or interesting.
Its dimensions may be 120 feet broad by 375 feet deep,
and it may extend from the street in front to another in
tlie rear.

The first object of tlie proprietor of this cottage we shall
supjiose to be the production of a large crop of fruit and
vegetables of every description, and the second, to render
the whole garden rather tasteful and agreeable, by a skil-
ful distribution of his materials and arrangement of walks.
"We shall suppose no trees introduced solely for ornament,
except on the small lawn or area of grass in the front of
the dwelling, and those bordei'ing the irregular walk on
tlie left; and even in these situations a preference will be
given to ornamental fruit-hea/ring trees, as the Black Mul-
berry, the English Walnut, the Spanish Chestnut, and the
thin-shelled Almond among trees, and the productive varie-
ties of filberts, etc., among shrubs.

In the plan, Fig. 76, the entrance gates are placed at a,
the house at Z*, the stable and yard at c. On either side

COTTAGE KESLDETSrCES.

154*

[Fit;. Ttl.J

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 155

of the house is an area of turf, studded with a few orna-
mental trees of such species as are thouglit desirable. The
plot, <7, in the rear of the house, is also devoted to grass,
but it is planted witli a small orchard of fruits of the
hardier and more rapid growing kinds, clierries, pears, or
such other trees as will succeed tolerably well in a surface
kept in grass. This orchard is planted in the picturesque
manner, that is, in irregular groups, as it is seen dii-ectly
from the house, and therefore would be most agreeable in
this form. The second compartment, Ti, is another oi'chard
of such choice fruit trees as require more care, and the
"ground around which is to be kept open by culture, and
may be planted annuallj'' with various crops of vegetables
with advantage to the trees and economy of space.

The third comjiartment, ■r, is the kitchen garden, the
area of whicb is to be kept free from trees and devoted
entirely to vegetables. There is a walk, 1-, sufficiently
wide for a cart or wagon, leading from the stable, <?, to the
street in the rear, which gives access to the stable, and
affords an opportunity of supplying the garden with com-
post, or carrying away litter, or garden products, without
passing by the house, or having recourse to the front en-
trance. The long border, Z, may be devoted, in different
parts, to grape-vines, strawberries, and otker small fruits,
or to rhubarb, and otker esculent plants.

As a counterpart to this long walk, wliich is strictly
useful in its character, we have another, «2, on the opposite
side, winding and graceful in its direction, and bordered
by a miscellaneous collection of small flowering trees and
shrubs. These shrubs, as we have before suggested, may
be interspersed with the productive varieties of Englisli
filberts, the Sil)erian crab, and other small fruits used for
preserves, and also Avith dwarf apples and pears, whicli.

IT) 6 COTTAGE ItKSIDENCES.

growing only a few feet liigh, will, AvLen iu fine bearing,
be very ornamental objects. The border or belt of shrubs,
varying in width from three to fourteen or more feet,
should be continued on both sides of this walk, as the
object of it is, not only to render the walk interesting by
the variety of shrubs, but also to render this portion of the
garden complete in itself, by preventing, as much as pos-
sible, the eye from seeing the kitchen garden or other com-
partments on the right, at the same time with the scene
formed by the walk apd its boundar}^ or fringe of shrubs.
A person, after having walked along the whole coui'se of
the irregular w\alk, w, may vary the impression received,
either by returning through the straight walk, h, of the
kitchen garden, or, if it is preferred, he may return partly
in a new course of curved walks, by taking the cross-walks,
n, in his way.

We have indicated by the dotted outline at o, how a
conservatory might be added on the left wing of this house,
which might be warmed either by a flue, or by warm-water
pipes connected with the fire-place of the dining-room, or
the kitchen below. This should be on a level with the
principal floor, and should of coui'se be entered by a glazed
door from the dining-room. As the wall of the house
would form one side, or rather the back of the conserva-
tory, it could be more economically constructed, and kept
warm at less expense, than a detached green-house.

The grass on the areas/" and g should be mown at least
once a fortnight during summer. This, if it is successfully
jierfornled on the different portions, will go far towards
supplying a horse or cow -with greeu fodder during the
growing season, and, by the frequent cutting, the beauty
and verdure of the law^n will be greatly improved.

The grounds of a cottage orne, like this, while they

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 157

would afford a considerable quantity and variety of valu-
able products, would, we think all will admit, be far more
agreeable and interesting than the common rectangular
lots so general in the subiu'bs of our towns, and which
are so entirely destitute of beauty of design.

158 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

DESIGN X.
A Villa of the First Class, in the Pointed Style.

Tins design of a Pointed Villa, by A. J. Davis, Esq.,
Architect, altliouo;li a mucli larorer and more elaborate
composition than fairly comes within the scope of this
work, we have introduced as a concluding examj)le, both
for the purpose of showing a more complete and extensive
villa than we have hitherto presented, and as a specimen
of the progress which architectural taste is making in this
country; it having been recently designed by Mr. Davis
for the country residence of J. Rathbone, Esq., of
Albany.*

In the annexed view. Fig. 77, the artist has chosen a
position showing the noi'th and east fronts of the building,
■which are to be seen from the rivei", the entrance front
being on the west side, a small portion of the open porch
OT porte-cochere being visible on the right of the house.

This villa, now completed, is undoubtedly one of the
finest specimens of the Gothic or Pointed style of archi-
tecture in this country. Although the whole composition
evinces unity of feeling, there is as much variety of feature
as we ever remember to have seen introduced successfully
in a villa; indeed, perhaps a greater variety of windows,
gables, and buttresses than could be introduced in a build-
ing of that size with good effect, were it not supported by

* It is proper to add, that this design has not only been executed, but large
additions have been made since its erection — which render it a much more
spacious nnd complete residence than appears by our plan.

DESIGN X.

A VlLI.A IN THE PoiNTKTi StvI F.

Fig. 7^

Fig. 78.

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 159

tlie corresponding intricacy and variety of the trees and
foliage around it, 'whicli are here in admirable keeping
with the picturesque outlines of the edifice.

Fig. 78 is a plan of the principal floor. A good deal
of character Is conferred on the west or entrance front by
the projecting porch, which, extending entirely across the
approach road fifteen feet, forms a diy, sheltered carriage
forcli^ under which a carriage may draw up and the occu-
pants alight dry and sheltered in all weathers.

If we now enter and pass through the vestibule, we shall
soon find ourselves in a circular hall, sixteen feet in dia-
meter, that forms a nucleus or radiating point from whicli
all the principal apartments diverge. This (and througli
it the whole house) is heated by a furnace in the basement.
Directly beyond the liall is the library, a sexangular
apartment of much l)eauty of jiroportiou, -which will
command a veiy striking view of the Hudson from the
bay window at the eastern extremity. This bay Avindow
should be filled witli rich stained glass, which would pro-
duce a mellow tone of light in this apartment, in admirable
keeping with its character. On the right side of the
library is another window, opening to the veranda or
"umbrage," affording a delightful walk, with a nolile
view of the river in its southern course.

The dining-room is entered by another door on the right
of this hall. It is sixteen by twenty-four feet in its
dimensions, and the bay at the south opens into a conser-
vatory for plants, Avhich will give this apartment an air of
summer even in the depths of a northern winter. Tliis
conservatory, forming as it does a portion of the veranda,
may be entirely removed in summer if it should be pre-
ferred to have the whole veranda open, by having movable
sashes, constructed so as to be easily taken out in the spring

ICO COTTAGK KKSIDKXCES.

and replaced in autumn. The dining-room has a china closet
on the right of the chimney lireast ; a dumb waiter on the
left; across the staircase hall is the pantry, and the stairs
descending to the kitchen and its offices is placed in most
convenient proximity to the door leading to this passage.

The drawing-room opens on the left of tlie hall, and
forms a suite with the library and dining-room. Its bay
has a charming sylvan view to tlie north, and the two
windows on tlie river front another looking east.

Tlie t^vo remaining doors of the hall lead, on one side
to the staircase hall, and on. tlie other into the family bed-
room. The latter has three closets, a space for a wardrobe,
and an alcove ^vhich may be used as a di'essing-room, or a
recess for placing a bed. On the south side of the vesti-
bule is the office, or gentleman's own room, to be neatly
and appropriately fitted up as a business room, or study,
for the master of the house. The dotted triangular space
at the corner of this office, indicates a place for an iron
safe built in tke wall. On the north side of the vestibide
is a large closet for cloaks, umbrellas, etc. This story is
thirteen feet in the clear, and tke dotted lines in the hall
and principal rooms show the form of the ribbed ceilings.

The second floor contains six sleeping apartments of
various sizes, a bath-room, and a water-closet ; and the attic
furnishes sleeping accommodations for the servants. We
regret that we are not able to show, by engraved plans, the
ample and convenient arrangements of tkis and the base-
ment story.

The whole internal arrangement of this villa by Mr.
Da\ds is, we tliink, highly remarkable for its elegance, its
compactness and the abundance and convenience of its
accommodations. "While any portion of tlie house may
by itself be used by the family at any time, the effect of

IGl---

CO'iTAGE KESIDENCES.

Q Q Q O O O
O O o o'^'o O
a o\0 o o o

1

1^ - )

1

>.-J ;

1

(

=iz

t 1

J

5f^i— ^5^^

C^^hM

SXffft

■^"'s*

1^^

e0 ':i!?

>.^^!

V^

IFig. 79.)

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. Ifil

the entii-e first floor, when thrown open at once;, would be
more striking tlian that of many mansions we have seen
of four times the size, where the rooms, having no connec-
tion and being badly arranged, produced little effect as a
whole.

Estimate. — The estimated cost of this villa varies from
$12,000 to $15,000, according to the material adopted,
stone or bricks (either), and the degree of finish employed
in the interioi*. [This house would cost now from $25,000
to $30,000.— Ed.]

ARRANGEMENT OF THE GROTJNDS.

The situation selected for this residence is a hill of con-
siderable extent, commanding an extensive view of the
Hudson, which is densely wooded with a natural growth
of forest trees. The preference was given to this site, as
its natural pictiu'esqueness and intricacy seemed to be
admirably in kee^^ing with the style of building in view;
and also as it is found much easier to produce, in a short
time, a satisfactory effect by thinning out and improving
a suitable natural wood, than by planting and raising up
new growths of sylvan accessories where none are ali-eady
existiosr.

The grounds are about one hundred and twenty acres in
extent. In the accompanying plan, Fig. 79, a considerable
portion in the neighborhood of the site for the house is
shown. There is a great variety of surface, caused by the
undulations of the ground, upon this area, which will
eventually, if proper advantage is taken of this circum-
stance, cause the demesne to appear of large extent. In
laying out the grounds, the course of the entrance road, h^
was determined by a natural depression, which afforded a
11

102 COTTAGE KESIDENCES.

inucli more easy and suitable approacli tlian could be
found in any other direction. The road itself is not made
in the hottoni of the little dell, as this would render it
Avet, and even liable to be washed away at certain seasons
of the year, but upon one side of the sloping bank, at a
sufficient height above to insure the dryness and firmness
of the road at all seasons. At c, the road is carried across
a small stream, which affords an ojjportunity of intro-
ducing a pretty rustic bridge, constructed of the roots and
stems of the trees felled in opening the road. An object
of this kind, strictly iiseful in its character, when, as in
this case, it can be legitimately introduced, always gives
interest to a walk or road through the grounds, although
it should never be made when there is not some obvious
purpose beyond that of mere ornament.

There will be, eventually, an opportunity for creating a
great variety in these grounds, but as an idea of this kind
of situation can scarcely, like a flat surface, be conveyed
by a mere plan, we shall oul}' designate a few of the lead-
ing points of interest. There is an open lawn, d^ at tlie
south side of the house, to be enlivened by groups of flow-
ering shrubs and j^lants, that will contrast agreeably with
the dark verdure of the thicker groups of foliage on the
other sides. At « is a rustic pavilion or summer-housi^.
Fig. 80, on a knoll slightly elevated above the surrounding
surface. The stable and other out-buildings are located at
^, the kitchen garden at 7i, and the orchard at i.

The long and intricate walk,j, Avhich may be led at
pleasure a long distance beneath the shady, embowering
branches of tall beeches, stately maples, and " melancholy
pines," now threading little dells filled with mosses and
ferns, and dark with forest verdure, and again emei-ging
into sunny glades, opened among the forest trees here and

COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

163

Fio. 80.

there, will be one of the most agreeable features of the place.

The greatest charm of this residence,

when it is completed, will be the

novelty and contrast experienced

in coming directly from the highly

artificial and populous city, only a

couple of miles distant, to its quiet,

secluded shades, full of wildness,

only sufficiently subdued by art to

heighten its natural beauty.

The principal difficulty in skil-
fully treating a residence like this, to be formed on an
entirely new surface, covered with wood, lies in thinning
out and opening the wood judiciously — in seizing on
the finer portions to be left, and selecting such as may,
with greatest advantage, be cleared aAvay. It must be
borne in mind, as we have previously tirged, that few
single Wees can be left, but that the thinning must be
done by opening glades boldly, Z;, and leaving the
trees in groups, masses, thickets, and groves. Trimming
up the trees, beyond what is absolutely necessary in
removing dead branches, should never be attemj^ted, but
unsightly underwood should be removed except in distant
parts, -where it is desired to retain the wild and picturesque
character of the place for the sake of contrasting with the
more dressed air immediately around the house. In short,
the natural expression of a place like this must be thor-
oughly studied before making any improvements ; as other-
wise the latter will, instead of heightening and developing
its original charm, only weaken and render it incongruous
and unsatisfactory.

164 COTTAGE KESIDKNCES.

DESIGN XI.

A Cottage for a Country Clergyman.

Tins little design has bad its origin in some con-espon-
dence between a country clergyman in Massachusetts, a
reader of the first edition of this work, and the author.
Ilis first letter Avas accompanied by a sketch of what he
deemed the real wants of a family in his position ; aud tlie
following extract fi'om it may serve to place the subject
more fairly before oui* readers.

" I recently purchased, and have read with much interest,
your volume upon Cottage Residences. I have been wish-
ing to procure a liome — one, however plaiu and simple in
its character, that miglit yet have something attractive
a})Out it, above the appearance of the unsightly fabrics
that are too often classed under tlie head of dwelling-
liouses. And I turned over the pages of your volume in
eager hope of finding something that would be adapted to
my wants, and that would be so economical in construc-
tion that it might be made available for the comfort and
convenience oiapoor country clergyman, in the condition of
hina Avho addresses jow. There Avere many of these snug
cottages that charmed me, but I could not find in them
what I cannot do without — a study. It ^vas only in the
more expensive structures, the cost of which ])laces them
wholly beyond my hope of possession, that the library
found a place. With the expectation that others Avill aid
me in the erection of a house, fi'om absolute i:|^ecessity I

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 165

wisli to restrict myself to the smallest possible outlay. Yet
I have felt that the most modest residence miirlit liave
something of true beauty in its character, and that there
was no need, in any structure, of sinning against architectu-
ral propriety and law. I dare not think of liaviiig a liouse
that shall cost much above $1,000 or $1,200,. for I can ill
afford, to pay the rent of one that will much exceed that
cost. [This design would cost now $2,800 to $3,000.— Ed.]
But is it impossible, that for about that sum we may be
furnished with the conveniences we need ? We have in
prospect of possession a little bit of land, but half an acre,
fronting south upon the road, which runs east and west.
To the west and. southwest we shall have a fine prosj^ect,
which we wish to enjoy by bringing the rooms mostly
occupied upon that side of the house. The rooms we
desire upon the first floor are a kitchen, sitting-room, bed-
room, study, parlor, and pantries. We wish to place the
liouse upon the east side of the lot, or very near the east
side, that the garden may occupy the other portion. From
your work, with my own cogitations, I have endeavored to
approximate such a plan as we need, yet find it still
defective; and I much desire to know whether it meets
your ai:)proval, or if you can aid me in regard to its defec-
tive points. -1: * * My difficulties are to bring the
kitchen nearer the sitting-room without giving up the l)ed-
room ; to get a back stairway underneath, which may be a
way to the cellar ; to obtain a room over the kitchen ; and,
finally, to know what should be the external appearance
of such a house, that it may be neat and proper, yet witli-
out showing pretensio7i — or how most economically it may
be made acceptable to correct taste in its outward appear-
ance. Which of the styles would afford a proper and
economical finish? Poor as I am, for I possess not a

106 COTTAGE EESIDENCES.

fartlilng aside from my salary of $700 per anmim, I dislike
to be accessory to tlie erection of a house tliat shall be au
eye-sore to those who may rightly judge it. We have few
liouses here built w itli regard to good taste. I appreciate
most fully all that you say about the proper construction
of houses ; and now, when I am struggling to obtain one
for my own home, I desire that it may be, however hum-
ble, an apjiroach to what a neat little 'parsonage' should
be — and that it may be a standing lesson to those who
belong to my parish, of the manner in which a pleasant,
i;npretending home may be constructed — with the hope
that it may not be mthout a certain tendency, in its influ-
ence upon their minds, to an increased refinement and
moral elevation."

Entei'iug into the views of our fi-iend the country cler-
gyman, we have retained all the principal features of his
ground plan, only modifying them so as to bring the whole
into a more constructive form and a more agreeable
arrancfement. Not beinof able to afford a back stair, we
have given something of the utility of one, so far as the
cellar-way is concerned, by shutting of£ the back entrance
from the front hall by a door at C, Fig. 82. A door at D
opens on the veranda. In the study there are book-cases,
with closets for papers, B, B. There is a nice parlor, 13
by 16 feet, on one side of the hall, and a corresponding
dinina:-room on the other side — the latter havluof two cou-
venient closets, so placed at the end of the room as to form
a kind of bay-window effect, that would be pleasing and
convenient. There are also a kitchen, a bed-room for the
clergyman and wife, and a child's bed-room, all in con-
nection. The door at A should be glazed, in order to light
the back entry more completely. If a communication
between the bed-room and the entry is thought more desir-

COTTAGE KESIDENCE3.

167

al)le than tlie closets, a door placed there instead of tlie
closets would answer that purpose.

The second floor plan, Fig. 83, shows
five good bed-rooms, with a closet to
each. (This plan is di'awn to a smaller
scale.) Closets are showii at «, a. The
dotted lines show the roof of the veran-
da. Fig. 84 is a small sketch of the
rear.

The first story being 11 feet in the
clear, the posts for the fi-ame of this
cottage would be 17 feet Ions:. The outside would be cov-
ered with vertical boarding.

For the exterior of this cottage we have chosen a simple

Fig. 83.

Fig. 84

rustic style — one that always befits rural scenery, besides
affording more room for a given cost t'lan any low-roofe'l
style. The rustic veranda and rustic trellises over the
windows are intended for vines — though not merely a^
supports for vines, but rather as thereby giving an air of
rural refinement and poetry to the house without expense.
"We say without expense, and by this we mean compara-
tively ; for we do Tiot mean these rustic trellises to be built
by carpenters, and included in the oi'iginal cost of the cot-
tage, but to be added afterwards, from time to time, by
the clergyman himself, aided by some farm hand expert

1G8 COTTAGE RESlDElSrCES.

with tlie saw and liammer. Tliey sliould be constructed
of cedar poles, with the bark on, which may be had ahuost
anywhere in Massachusetts for a trifle, and which, if neatly
put together, will be more becoming to such a cottage as
this than elaborate carpentry-work. By the addition of
such trellis-work and a few vines, a siinj^le rustic cot-
tage like this may be made a most attractive object in a
rural landscape.

COTTAGE KESIDENCES.

1G9

DESIGN XII.

A Villa in the Elizabetlmn Style.

We take tliis design from Brown's Domestic Arcliitec-
ture, and place it before our readers, partly as offering
some good suggestions, and partly to enable us to point
out some of its most glaring defects. As much benefit
may be derived sometimes from the critical examination of
designs which are defective, as from tliose which are nearly
perfect.

The plan of this house, Fig. 85, is in many features a

Fig. 86.
good one. The large space devoted to the staircase and
hall gives the house a dignified appearance, while the rooms
are of good proportion, and are conveniently arranged for
privacy and home comfort, with studious avoidance of all
effect produced by the connection of one apartment with
another, etc.

170 COTTAGE KESIDENCES.

A great blunder is however conamitted in tlie position of
the fireplaces and chimneys, by placing thein on the outer
instead of the inner walls. Change the chimneys to the
side of the room directly opposite where they now stand,
and you have them in a better position for draught, and
for accumulating warmth in the house, while you have a
space left to place a couple of windows in the drawing-
I'oom, and a bi'oad window in the library, so as to com-
mand the light and circulation of air on the longest side of
these rooms. The same remark apj^lies to the dining-room.
The exterior effect would be even more improved l)y this
change of position in the chimneys than the interior —
since nothing can be more ugly than a chimney springing
from the lower edge of a steep roof instead of the higher
])art of the ridge, where it naturally belongs.

lo this left-hand side of the house we would add a ve-
randa, shading the windows we have just suggested in the
drawing-room and 1 library.

The exterior of this villa is pleasing in genei'al character,
though faulty in its details. Knock off the bedpost like
ornaments at the angles of the gables, adopt the finish
shown in the gables of Design III., move the chimney -tops
to the middle portion of the roof, as we have already sug-
gested, put a correct and solid-looking oriel window in the
])lace of the flimsy one over the front porch, break up
the left or south roof-line by dormer-windows in suitable
style, and omit the grotesque and absurd effigies of dogs
on the springing stones of the porch, and this villa will
have a dignified and agreeable air as the home of a country
gentleman. It should l)e built either of stone or brick —
and supposing the kitchen wing to be of luoderate size,
the whole Avould cost fi-om $7,000 to $9,000,

COTTAGE KESIDENCES.

171

DESIGN XIII.

A small Cottage for a Toll-gate House.

This picturesque little villa was designed by Mr. Wild,
and originally published in Loudon's Supplement as a vil-
lage inn. But it would be raucli better adapted here for a
toll-gate house upon one of our turnpikes or plank roads.
The gate itself should be directly connected with tlie
tower, and might easily be arranged so as to be opened ])y

the inmates from the inside of the building. Devoting it
to this purpose, a (Fig. 88) Avould lie the porch, h^ the entry,
r, the living-room, </, bedi'oora or parlor, c, veranda, g^ back-

172

COTTAGE RKSIDENCES.

entry, m, wood-Loiiso, J, back i-)orcli, li, pantiy, /, store-
room, 7i', milk-room. Tliere is n bay window at o, with a
Beat outside, n. The upper floor would be divided into
two good-sized bed-rooms or three smaller ones.

Fig. 90.

This building would look well of wood, put on in vertical
boarding, and painted a warm drab color ; or it would be
more pictui'esque if covered on the outside with shingles —
in the manner of many of the Dutch farm-houses in the
State of New York — which make a more dui-able covering
than inch-boards. If the shingles were rounded on the
lower edge, or cut into diamonds or hexagons, it would add
still more to their good effect at but a trifling increase of
expense. The estimated cost of this building, of wood, is
$930. [Present cost, $2,000.— Ed.]

Figs. 89 and 90 show a sketch and ground plan of a
small toll-gate house or lodge, in a massive, simple archi-
tectural style, quite opposite in character to the foregoing.

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 173

The whole is supposed to be built of i'ul)1jle-stone, and the
cost, when this kind of stone is abundant upon the ground,
would be about $500. [Present cost, $1,600.— Ed.]

174 COTTAGE KESIDENCES.

DESIGN XIV.

A Cottage in the Rhine Style.

Tins residence was designed by us for our neighbor, J.
T. Ileadley, Esq., and lias been built in a picturesc^ue and
Liglily appropriate position, where its steep roof-lines har-
monize admirably with the bold hills of the Hudson High-
lands. Though spirited and irregular in composition, it is
simple in details, Mr. Headley's object being to erect a
picturesque rural home in keeping with the scenery, but
without the least unnecessary outlay for decoration.

The plan of the principal floor. Fig. 91, shows an
entrance hall, eight feet by thirty-six feet. Out of this
open the tlu-ee best apartments — Aaz., the library and
dining-room, each sixteen by twenty feet, and the draw-
ing-room, seventeen by twenty-two feet. The library has
a ceiling prettily ribbed, and the book-cases are in recesses
formed in the walls. On this floor are a kitchen, pantry,
closets, etc., with spacious verandas on two sides of the
house.

The plan of the chamber floor. Fig. 92, shows four bed-
rooms of good size, and one smaller one in the tower, Avhich
may be either used as a dressing-room or a child's bed-
room. From the north bed-room there is a private passage
to the bath-room and water-closet, by descending a fe^v
steps. (The closets taken out of the spaces each side of
the chimney have been omitted in the drawing.)

The hi;h roof of this style of building affords considera-
ble space in the attic, which is finished in three good bed-
rooms for servants, or other uses.

COTTAGE KESIDET^CES.

175

The first story is twelve f eet in heiglit ; tlie cliamLer floor
nine and a half feet. The kitchen is nine and thi'ee-fourths
feet in height.

li

BED ROOM

/4:oxi6:o

PLAN or CHAMBER FLOOR.

Fig. 93.

This house is built of brick — the first story walls one
foot thick, the second story eight inches ; the foundations
are heavy blue-stone. W^er is forced to a cistern in the
garret (and thence is led over the house) fi'ora a spring
about 150 feet distant — the elevation being o\'ercome by a
hydraulic ram, worked by the overflow of the spring
through a pipe of one and a quarter inch bore.

This very picturesque dwelling was erected at a cost of
$4,800, exclusive of the water-pipes.

[In 1871 this place was pui'chased of Mr. Headley by R.
H. Pardee, Esq., of New York, who dii*ected us to make
certain additions and alterations, which are shown in the
additional eno;ravin2;s introduced below. At the fi'ont
entrance a carriage porch was placed, stretching over the
drive-way, and forming n sheltered approach to the fi'ont

17(5 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

door. (See Fig. 98.) The window over tliis, in the second
story, was cut down to the floor, in oi'der to reach the bal-
cony over this porch, from which a rather better river view
may be obtained than from beloAV. The dressing-room
shown on the second story plan (Fig. 92) -was taken away,
and the attic stairs — before enclosed bj a partition — were
taken down, and a new broad open flight to the attic put
up in their jilace. By these alterations the second story
hall was made to occupy the whole extent of space from
the fi'ont to the rear of the house.

Tlie small one-story kitchen-wing v/as taken down, and
a new wing erected in its place, a.s shown on the plan (Fig.
93), two full stories and an attic in height, and containing
a kitchen and laimdry in the first stor}^, and two quite
pleasant chambers in the second story. The butler's pantry
was completely remodelled, and new cupboards and shelves
jmt up, besides a butler's pantry-sink for washing dishes,
etc. The laundry was fitted up with large closets and
three laundiy wash-tra^^s, and the kitchen wns supplied
with range, boiler, cast-iron sink, and a large dresser in the
corner at the side of the range. ^

In the second story the old chambers were provided
with closets (Fig. 94), and with permanent wash-bowls
supplied with hot and cold water, and the bath-room was
I'efitted with bath-tub, wash-bowl, and water-closet.

The wood-work was remodelled to some extent through-
out the house, and the whole exterior repainted a cool gray
color, and all ^vas done at an expense of about $4,000.
Such a house as this is now could be built at the present
time for about $15,000.

Figures 95, 90, and 97 represent a small stable that was
put up at the same time by Mr. Pardee. It is of brick,
built on a side-hill, sloping towards the east, so that the

CARRIAGE PORCH.
Connected with Design XIV.

Fig. 98.

COTTAGE EESIDENCES.

177

Fig. 93.

12

Fig. 94.

178 COTTAGE RESIDENCES,

basement is eiitii'cly out of grouud. on that side. lu this
Inisement are cow-stalls, a manure-pit, and storing places
for farm-wagons, etc.

The principal story has a carriage-room twenty by twenty-
two feet ; stalls for four horses, each five feet sis inches by
nine feet; a harness-room and. a feed-closet, and a stairway
to the second story.

In the second story is a sleeping-room for a man, besides
ample storage for hay. [This stable cost about $2,700. G.
E. H.]

COTTAGE KliSIDENCES. 179

DESIGN XV.

A Garriacje-House and Stable in the JitistzG Pointed Style.

As tbis stable, wliicli has been erected fi'om sketches
furnished by us, upon the estate of M. Vassar, Esq., near
Poughkeepsie, is both convenient and ornamental, we pre-
sent a perspective view and ground plan for the benefit of
our readers. The composition is, we think, pleasing-r-the
ventilator upon the top being as valuable in adding to the
pictm-esqueuess of the building as to its comfort.

The plan shows a carriage-room, twenty-one by twenty-
two feet, double-floored and ceiled all round, with a har-
ness-room and separately enclosed stairway in the rear.
On the left is a tool-room, work-shop, etc. ; on the right a
stable, with stalls for four horses. Over the whole is a
large loft for hay, with mouths in the floor to feed the
racks, a, in the stable below, without the necessity of
carrying or throwing it do^vn.

As this stable is built upon sloping ground, it has
beneath it another story — a basement stable — -for farm
horses, cows, cellar for roots, etc., not shown in this eleva-
tion, making altogether a very complete building. It is
constructed of sound timber, sheathed ^vith matched pine
plank, battened, and the whole filled in with brick. The
walls of the cellar story are blue-stone, laid in mortar, and
the whole is finished in a very substantial and excellent
manner. The cost was about $1,900 — but in many parts of
the country, M'here lumber is cheap, the whole may l>e
built for about $1,000. [Present cost $2,500 to $2,800. J

NEW DESIGNS

FOR

COTTAGES

AND

COTTAGE VILLAS

COTTAGE KESIDEJfCES. 183

DESIGN XV I.

A small Side-Hill Cottage.

This cottage was designed for a situation wliere tlie
ground descends very rapidly away from the line of the
front, and this peculiarity was taken advantage of to get
a kitchen and servants' room below the main story — ^though
entirely out of ground on one side and the greater part of
another side, making them quite as dry and pleasant as
the uj)per story.

Fig. 102 shows the plan of the basement. Under the
veranda is an area, the floor of which is two feet above the
ground, and paved with bricks. This area is neatly latticed
up, so that the whole space is quite private, and forms a
pleasant Avorking jolace in the summer-time. The kitchen
opening fi-om it is thirteen by fourteen feet, and adjoining
it is a large pantry containing a dumb-waiter rising to
another pantry in the floor above, besides a stairway up,
and sundry shelves and cupboards. There is a hall open-
ing into a servants' room, eight by foui'teen, and into two
good cellars, both of which have floors laid on chestnut
beams bedded in grout, as in fact have all the other base-
ment rooms.

The cellar is eight and a half feet high in the clear,
and the walls are of stone with the exception of those
fronts which are exposed — they being of brick and
painted.

184: COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

The principal story (Fig. 103) Las an entrance hall ten
feet square, and a staircase hall of the same dimensions,
separated from each other by a screen made of chestnut.
The stairs are three and a lialf feet wide, and under them
is a closet for coats. The pantry is ten feet square also,
and is fitted up with cupboards, and has a butler's pantry
sink for washing dishes in, supplied with hot and cold
■water from the range.

The parlor and dining-room arc; both of the same size,
fifteen l)y sixteen feet. The fii'st has a large French
Aviudow, through Avhicli one can pass to the yard (see Plate,
Fig. 101), and tlie dining-room has a similar window
opening out upon a large balcony. Both rooms connect
witli a veranda nine feet wide. This story is ten and a half
feet higli.

In the second story (Fig. 104), a small hall-way or
j)assage at the head of the stairs opens into three chambers,
two of which are thirteen feet square and the third about
six and a half feet square. This story is ten feet high
in the middle of the rooms, falling away to three feet at
the extreme eaves, where they are furred out to make
the finished height six feet in the lowest part. The spaces
furred off may serve as closets.

This cotta2;e was desio-ued to be a frame cottao-e boarded
and clai:)boarded, and also filled in with bricks for greater
protection against cold. The interii)r finish of pine stained,
or of chestnut simj)ly oiled, and the floors of all of the first
story of Southern jiine laid with a border of black walnut
all around twelve inches wide. The floors of the second
story of narrow pine plank. The estimated cost is $3,200.

This design, witli perhaps some slight alteration in the
plan, would make a very suitable parsonage for the small
church illustrated in the frontispiece.

COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

185

Fiff. 103.

^^^^^WW77^^ /// n %/ // /

CHAMBER 13X13 \\\ , ll CHAMBER 13X13
CL "

Fig. 104

4--

186

COITAGE 1{ESIDE^X■ES.

DESIGN XVII.

A Plain House.

Tins is a very plain and inexpensive but roomy liouse,
suitable for a village lot.

The veranda at the entrance is nine and a half feet in
Avidth, and is approached by a broad flight of six steps
from the path.

SERVANTS
BCD ROOM

BED ROOM

Fig. 107.

The hall is eight by eighteen. The library is thirteen
by fourteen, and back of it is a bed-room eight by fourteen.
The pai'lor is on the rear of the hall, and back of it is

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 187

tlie dining-room, with a bay window projecting from it.
There is a back entry with a private staircase in it,
and opening from it is the kitchen, which is separated
from the dining-room by a large pantiy. (Fig. 106.)

The second story (Fig. 107) contains five chambers in
all, and a bath-room and five closets.

The attic story is unfinished, but may be divided off
into three large rooms, with several closets. The attic
stau-s rise from the back hall, the floor of which is some-
what lower than the second story hall of the main house.

The cellar is unfinished, and extends under the whole
house.

The first story is ten feet high, the second is nine feet,
and the cellar seven feet. The rooms in the attic may
finish eight feet high.

This house may be built for $4,000.

188 COri'AGE KESIDKXCE3.

DESIGN XVIII.
A Gate Iloxbse.

This design partakes somewhat of tlie Swiss style, and
^vould make a very good gate house or gardener's house
on a Lirge country place. The outline is simple, but the
details are rather bold, giving deep and heavy shadows,
which make up much of the picturesqueness of its appear-
ance.

The veranda at the entrance (marked A) is eight feet in
width, and the front of it is enclosed by a lattice-work,
with oval openings in each bay between the posts for
light. The hall, B, is seven and a half feet wide, and in it
is the staii'way to the second story. C is the parlor, fifteen
feet square, having a square bay windo\v projecting fi'om
the fi'ont, and communicating with the room D, which may
be used as a bed-room. This room is fifteen feet square.
E is the living-room, fifteen feet square also, and G is a
large store-room or pantry, through which we pass to the,
passage, K, and the kitchen, F. M is a closet, and L is the
back stoop leading to the grounds. The kitchen is thirteen
by fifteen feet, and is in a one-story wing attached to the
rear of the house. In the second story (Fig. 110) are
three 2;ood-sized bed-rooms and five closets.

The principal story (Fig. 109) is nine and a half feet
liigh, and the second story nine feet in the clear.

The cellar is unfinished, extends under the whole house,
and is seven and a half feet high in the clear. It stands
about two-thirds out of ground — the top of it, or the level

COTTAGE EESIDENCES.

189

of tlie main floor of the house, being about five feet above
the natuj'al grade of the ground. An artificial terrace or
banking occupies three and a half feet of this height, and
the rest is made up by the undeipinning, which may be of
granite, or brick painted. The banking — which is an
almost universal feature in some parts of New England,
though seldom to be met Mnth in this neighborhood — is
designed to be neatly graded with loam and then carefully
covered all over with sods, so that it may have a strong,
healthy coat of grass over it.

This is a frame house, with vertical boarded and bat-
tened sides and a slate roof. The cost would be about
$2,800.

Fig. 110.

190 COTTAGE KESIDEHCES.

DESIGN XIX.

A Mamhling Cottage with Loio Walls.

Tins house would cost about $G,000, and we tliink com-
bines convenience with a ratlier comfortable appearance
of exterior, which appearance is due mainly to the low
walls, steep roof, and ample piazzas with which it is pro-
vided, offering a pleasant retii'ing-place on every side of
the house, and for every hour of the day.

The veranda nearest in the picture is the one by which
we approach the house, and projects considerably beyond
the fi'ont of the gable in order to give it a width of ten
feet, which for a cottage of this size is an unusual width.
Such a lounging-place cannot fail to be attractive.

The hall is seven and a half feet wide, and on the left
is the parlor, fifteen by twenty, the Avidth of which is
increased some four feet by tlie bay window projecting
from the side opposite the fireplace. (Fig. 112.)

At the rear of the parlor is a veranda seven feet wide,
and both the windows of this I'oom extend down to the
floor and have casement sashes. These windows, too, are
about four and a half feet wide, which is a foot and a half
wider than they are ordinarily made, so that in the sum-
mer, when both are open, tlie verandas really become
portions of the room; in fact, in case of an entertainment
at any thue, wlien extra space is needed, the two verandas
may be very easily enclosed hj boarding, and the available
space increased very considerably ; the rOom would really
be fifteen feet wide and thirty-seven feet long.

COTTAGE EESLDENCES. 191

In the winter-time it would probably be necessary to
cover these windows with an extra sasli screwed on the
outside, otherwise, by reason of their size, there might be
too great an escape of heat through them.

The library is a very pleasant room, octagonal in shape,
with two large Aviudows on the outsides and bookcases let
into the walls in the corners, and liaving on another side a
broad old-fashioned fireplace, made expressly to burn big
logs of wood in, being provided, of course, -with bright
brass andirons and a wire fender; the fireplace opening
should be at least three feet broad and about two feet
four inches high, and the mantel-piece should be broad
and high, built of wood, carved here and there, or faced
with tiles of some of the pretty patterns which may be
found in abundance now-a-days. The ceiling naight be
panelled in wood, oiled or shellacked, so as to show its
genuine color ; or painted in parti-colors, say a rich blue
for the panels, relieved by lines of light, and a chocolate
for the ribs, picked out with some bright contrasting color.
Whatever the decoration may be, however, care should be
taken not to overdo it, as the room is small and may be
easily overloaded.

The dining-i-oom is fifteen feet square, and from it a
casement window opens out upon the side veranda, which,
being a consideralale height above the ground, by reason
of the falling ofE of the grade towards the I'ear, is pro-
tected by a strong railing. This veranda may be the
smohing-room, if perchance the "actual" head of the
house should object to the indulgence of the "horrid"
habit inside the walls. Or, if it should happen to face the
south, it might be enclosed in winter and turned into a very
convenient conservatory, getting the required heat from
the kitchen or from the room below by means of a drum.

102

COITAGE RESIDENCES.

The butler's pantry connects tlie kltclien ^\ itli the dining-
room, and has all the usual fittings. In the back entry
there is a private staircase to the second storj^, under
Avhich is another to the basement. There is also an earth-
closet placed here in a convenient yet retired position.
The kitchen is 14 by 15 feet — has two closets, besides a
large store-room, and a door with a stoop leading to the
grounds at the rear.

The rear of this house is entirely out of the ground, and
the laundry, which is i;nder the kitchen, is entered by a
door under the last-named door and stoop. The rest of
the cellar is occupied by a milk-room, furnace-room, coal-
cellar, vegetable-cellar, and a large store-room.

In the second story (Fig. 113) are three large chambers

Fig. 1!3.

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 193

and two small cues ; there are eight closets iu all, and a
batliing-room and two stairways.

The principal story of this house is 111 feet higli, and
the second story 10 feet — -iinusual heights for a small house,
but desirable in this particular case.

The material is wood, with a slated roof, and the base-
ment is brick where showing above the ground, and stone
elsewhere.

13

194 COTTAUK JtKSlUKNCJiS.

DESIGN XX.

A French Hoof House.

This design represents a style of house very commonly
found in Eastern New England, and is a fair example of a
jdain, economical house containing a considerable accommo-
dation. It measures 32 by 40, with the addition of a two-
story projection at the rear, as sliown on the jdans. The
roof of this projection is iiat, and comes just under the
cornice of the main house, l)ut does not interfere with it at
all, the curved roof covering the square 32 by 40 only.

The jjlan (Fig. 115) shows a portico about eight feet
scpiare, opening into a hall eight l)y nineteen, in which are
the main stairs to the second story. On the left is the libraiy,
(>ccu])ying the front of the house, and behind it, connected by
folding doors, is the parlor. These rooms are on the south
side, and opening from them by long windows is a vei'anda
nine feet in ■width, extendins; alonoj the whole of the south
side, '^riicrc: is another narrower veranda at the rear,
sheltering the back entrance to the house.

On the right of the front hall is the dining-room, and
back of it, sepai'ated by a narrow passage in Avhich is a
stationaiy wash-l>owl, is the kitchen, measuring 12 by 16
feet. The back entry and pi'ivate stall's are close by, and
also a store-room and three lar<re closets.

I'lie second story (Fig. IIG) contains four pleasant cham-
I n:rs of good size, each one of Avhich has a closet attached.
In the ])assages connecting each pair of charabei'S are
perinaiicnt wasli-bowls, su]>plied with hot and cold water.

COTTAGE EESIDENCES.

195

Tlie 1)atIi-room is of good size, and there are two large
closets besides those attached to the chambers. The attic
or roof story is finished off, and in it are four chambers
over those in the second story, and of the same dimensions,
with the exception of a space against the outside wall,
furred out one foot, to give better height in the rooms,
and to sup])ort the framework of the roof. Aljove the

Fig. 116.

rooms in this attic story is a space of al)Out six feet in
height in the centre, running down to about three at the
sides, which serves both as a trunk-room and as a ventilat-
ing chamber for the whole house.

The cellar is of stone, with a split and dressed granite
uuderjDinning 18 inches high. The laundry is under the
kitchen, the coal-cellar under the dining-room, the fiu'nace
under the hall, and the balance of the space is used as an
open cellar for fruits, vegetables, etc.

There is an outside cellar-door under the end of the back
entry.

I'JO COITAGE KESIDEXCES.

The cellar is eight feet liigh ; the ])i-iucipal story ten
and a half feet ; the second story nine and a half feet, and
the attic story nine feet.

It is a fi'ame house, boarded and clapboarded, and hav-
ing a slated roof. The fi-ame is made of spruce timber,
and the followins: are the suitable dimensions for the seve-
ral parts : Posts, plates and girths, four by eight, except
the tliird story girths, -which are one and a quarter by six,
not(;hcd into the studs and nailed fast to every one.

Sills, eight by eight ; floor-beams, two by ten and two
by nine, and jilaced sixteen inches from the centre, and
crossbridged between the points of support ; trimmers and
headers, four by ten and four by nine, and kept two
inches clear of the chimneys ; rafters of lower pitch, three
by Ave, and t^vent3r inches from their centres ; rafters of
the npper pitch, two by nine, and the same distance apart,
all placed double at the openings ; studs, two by four, and
sixteen inches from centres and double at all the openings ;
partition heads, four by four ; braces, three by five ; posts
in attic to support the roof, four by eight and four by six.

These dimensions may be varied a trifle to suit different
localities, Ijut nothing smaller should be used unless the
frame is to l)e built in the balloon manner — without moi--
tises — in Avhich case they may be considerably lighter.

This house was l)uilt near Boston some years am^ at a
cost of about 87,000.

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 197

DESIGN" XXI.

A Cottage for a Village Lot.

This design represents an inexpensive cottage suita})le
for a village lot of about one liundred feet in width.

The material is wood, the frame being covered with
tongned and grooved boarding and rosin-sized paper and
then clapboarded with narrow pine clapboards. The roofs
are also boarded and papered and then slated with small-
sized slates of one or two colors.

The cellar wall is of stone, with an underpinning of
brick or of sjslit granite in long sections, laid on top of the
stone wall so as to show about eighteen inches in height
below the wood-work or sill of the house.

There are some ornamental features upon the extei'ior,
but nothing of an elaborate or expensive kind, the most
noticeable being a cresting on the ridge of the roof, which
can be put on complete for about $100.

The plan (Fig. 118) affords the following accommodation :
A veranda, eight feet wide, at the entrance, opens into the
vestibule, six by eight, which connects with the hall contain-
ing the principal staircase. This hall is seven feet wide
and the staircase is three and a half feet wide, and under it
is a closet for coats and hats, etc. The parlor is sixteen by
nineteen feet, and the dining-room adjoining it is sixteen
by seventeen feet. Both of these rooms open out by case-
ment windows upon a pleasant balcony. The dining-room
has a bay Avindow and a large china closet. The butler's

1

198

COTTAGE K}!:SIDE^•CES.

pantry separates it from the kitclien, and is filled uj) witli
shelves and cupboards for china, etc. Conveniently placed
to the kitchen is a private-staircase for access to the ujjper
stones, and a large store closet. The back entry opens into
the main hall, the kitchen, and out upon the back stoop,
and also connects Avith the cellar by a stairway under
the back stairs. T4ie kitclien is fifteen by sixteen
feet. The study opens from the main hall and is fifteen
feet square.

In the second story (Fig. 119) are thi-ee good sized

Fisr. 119.

chambers, being in fact the same dimensions as the lower
rooms. There are seven closets in all, ()ne <>f which, over
the vestibule, may be used as a linen-closet. The bath-room
is over the butler's pantry, and is supplied with a l)ath-
tub and a water-closet. The attic stairs are over the
pi'ivate stair-case, and in the attic are two good rooms for
servants' use.

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 190

The cellar contains a coal-cellar, a furnace-room, a
vegetal )le-cellar, and a large lock-up store-closet. The
floor of this cellar is grouted and tlie ceiling lathed and
plastered.

The principal story is ten feet high in the clear, and the
second story nine feet.

The cost would be 84,200.

200 COTTAGE ItESIDEKCES.

DESIGN XXII.

A Stone Cottage.

A CO'JTAGE of similar exterior to tliis design, but difEei'ing
somewhat in plan, lias just been erected imder oui- direction
near Newburgh.

The material is stone taken from the immediate neigh-
borhood, of a dark-blue color, and the trimmings are of
blue-stone from the Kingston quarries.

The walls are laid double, the outside stone wall being
twenty inches thick, with a space of three inches between
it and a lining or inner wall of Ijrick, four inches thick,
which wall is joined to the outer by iron ties every fifth
course, and two feet apart. This method of building makes
a very substantial and dry wall, though somewhat more
expensive than the ordinary method of Iniilding. The
plastering is laid immediately upon the brick wall, and, as
the partitions are all of brick, the house is almost fire-
proof as well as rat-proof.

The fi'ont porch is of stone, and has a floor of encaustic
tiles of various colors. The main hall is nine feet wide
and extends through the house, with doors at the rear
similar to those in front (Fig. 121). The floor of the hall
is also paved with tiles.

On the left is the parlor, measuring fifteen by twenty
feet, and 1)eyond it is an old-fashioned square landing
staircase, near to which arc a water-closet and a cloak-
closet.

COTTAGE PvESIDENCES.

201

On the rio;lit of the hall the front room, is the librai-y,
fifteen feet square, and behind it a dining-room, fifteen l)y
twenty feet. This room is octagonal in shape, two of tlie
corners being occupied by closets — one by a niche in the
hall for a piece of statuary, and the other by a passage
leading to the kitchen. There is a butler's pantry con-
necting the dining-room with the kitchen, and a store-room
near it.

The back entry is marked E, and from it rise the private
stairs to the second story of the wing, the cellar stairs
beins: under these.

The princij^al story is eleven feet high. Tlie second story
has four chambers in the main house and five closets, one of
which is a linen-closet (Fig. 122). In the Aving are two

Fig. 123.

rooms for servants, a bath-room, and a stairway leading to
the attic. This second story, though the external appearance
of the house is that of a cottage, has full square rooms
nine and a half feet high, except in the kitchen wing,
where the rooms are five feet high at the sides, and nine

202 COTTAGE RESIDENCES,

ill tlie centre. There is a fine open attic, capable of l)eing
divided into four good sized rooms.

All tlie rooms have open fire-places, and in addition
there is a large furnace in the cellar, with hot-air pipes to
the several rooms. There is a large cistern to supply a
tank in the attic with rain-water hy means of a force-pump,
and from the tank the Avater is carried over the house to
the water-closet, bath-room, butler's ])antry, kitchen, and
furnace.

The whole interior finish is of ash, oiled and nibbed
down, and the window and door furniture is of bronze.

The walls are finished with a rough sand finish prejja-
ratorv to receiving polychrome decoration.

The roofs are all slated with Peach Botttnn slates (which
are the best quality, costing some §18 per square of ten
feet, while the ordinary qualities are worth about $14), and
are surmoimted with an ornamental cast-iron cresting, made
purjiosely for them.

The whole of the work is of the very best quality
throughout.

Such a design as this, built upon the plan here offered,
would cost $18,000 to $20,000; but one of similar design
and plan, but with simpler and plainer finish, and ordinary
fittings, may be erected for al)out $15,000.

COTTAGE KESIDENCES. 203

DESIGN XXIII.

An Architect^ s Residence.

Tnis is a comfortable villa of moderate size, erected
during the jiast year for his own residence by Mr. Gilman,
architect, of New York. Fronting the south, and the side
towards tlie road being on the east, the principal rooms
are so disposed as not only to take advantage of the view,
but also to receive the sun in its best and most desiral>le
aspects during the year. Although a frame house, the
construction has been done with p^reat care and thoroucch-
ness, so as to render it warm and dry at all seasons. The
framing is first covered with a fair quality of one-inch
spruce boards, tongued and grooved, and well nailed to
every post, stud, and raftei'. A covering of thick heavy
tarred felting is next placed over this boarding, the joints
being everywhere lapped and double-nailed 'with care.
Over this again is placed the exterior sheathing, furred
out five-eighths of an inch, of extra clear one-inch white
pine stock, in regular widths of eight inches, also tongued
and grooved — the groove in each case marked with a
bevelled rebate, which gives a sharp line of shadow to
all the joinings of the exterior finish. Inside, the walls
are first lathed directly on the studs, and plastered with
one tliick coat of hair mortar for "back ])lastering," then
furred out over this first coat one inch more, and again
lathed and plastered with two coats of lime and sand
mortar, making a most hard and durable finish to receive
either paint or paper, as may be desired. It is believed
that no style of material and no mode of building are

204:

COrrAGE EESIDENCES,

better adapted to all tlic exigencies of tlie American
climate than these, a trijile air-chamber being secured
throughout; and that in comfort and (if kept well
painted) durability a house of this kind will compare most
favorably "\vith those of mucli higher ct)st and pretensions.
The style of design is in that simple form of Renais-
sance, with Mansard roof, so common in the country houses
in the vicinity of Boston. On the north-east angle the walls
are continued up square in a somewhat higher story, so as
to form the low tower seen on the extreme right in the
view. There are in this house seven chambers of good size,
with two di'essing-rooms (one with bath) and two servants'
chambers, besides a tnink or lumber room over the hall in
the third story. The cost, complete, has been about $15,000.

Fig. 125.

But this kouse, altkougk a very comfortable dwelling,
of moderate accommodations, is chiefly remarkable for the
extreme beauty of its situation. Placed on the easterly
slope of the highest ridge of land on Staten Island, and

COTTAGK pa:srDEN"CES. 205

baclvciT on tlic north and west ])j ricli woods, the view
► from the t\vo principal fronts is one of unsurpassed variety
and Ideality. The elevation of the site is computed to be
about 400 feet above the level of tide-water ; but as the
approach is gradual for a mile and a quarter from the
landing, the ascent is nowhere so steep as to become incon-
venient, and the road is so laid out that no glimpses of the
view are seen or suspected until the visitor, turning a
sharj? angle in the highway, comes out suddenly on the
ten-ace in front of the eastern side. The panorama of land
and water which then breaks upon the eye is so stnking
and varied in its attractions as rarely to fail in calling
forth expressions of surprise and delight from the visitor
who sees it for the first time. Immediately in the foi'c-
ground a sharp o2:)en declivity falls awaj', for about a thii-d
of a mile in extent, to the village at tlie foot — the ground
covered with a crisp turf, strewn here and there with
moss-covered bowlders of the 1:)lue granite peculiar to the
Island. In the middle distance lie the villages of Stajile-
ton and Clifton, and the green slopes of the embankments
of Fort Wadsworth, fringed Ijy thick clumps of trees, from
the midst of which rises the gray spire of St. John's
Church, a thoroughly English model of quiet and pictu-
resque beauty. The Hiidson Eiver, here forming in its
lower portion tlie magnificent harbor of New York, finds
its junction with the sea at the "Narrows," just beyond
the ramjiarts of the fort — the white sand-hills of Coney
Island stretching out into a point across the picture, as if
to emphasize the deep blue of the open ocean beyond. The
view in this quarter terminates only with the skyline of
the broad Atlantic, in a fair day perliaps twenty miles
away, and dotted in every direction Avitli the white sails
of the commerce of the great meti'opolis. Southwai'd lies

20G COTTAGE ItESIDKXCES.

the 1 low, A\avy range of liills wliicli tenuinate in the
renoAN ned Sandy IIoolc, the calmer -waters of Raritau Bay "
interposed like a mirror l>etween. To the east, the oppo-
site shore of Long Island, covered ^vith rich woods and
sprinkled here and there \\itli \ 11 las of neat and tasteful
character, stretches away in tlie distance; the eye dis-
tinctly catching the white lines of the surf on the beach at
liockaway, while beyond the landscape fades away in l)lue
and purjde tints among the farming lands of Kings and
(Jueens Counties, the historical l)at tie-grounds of so many
skirmishes of Revolutionary memory. Northwardly lie the
dense thickets of Greenwood, and the mass of roofs and
spires that mark the cities of Brooklyn and New York ;
while the eye, ranging along the heights of Weehawken
and the receding line of the Palisades, and resting for
miles on the Ijroad l)osom of the Idudson, finds its limit
only in the high lands of Yonkei's, some six-aud-twenty
miles away. When it is considered tliat a spot so charm
iug is reached by clean and admii'aljly a])])ointed ferry-
boats in a sail of twenty-five minutes and a short drive
beyond — forty-five minutes in all — from the heart of Wall
Street, it a])pears singular that every available spot in the
vicinity of this hill has not long since been occu2:)ied by
residences of the highest character. Let those New York-
ers \vho deem it necessary to travel in search of the pictu-
resque, but take the opjiortiuiity to bestow a couple of
hours ujion a trip to Castleton Heights, and they will be
repaid with a view for which, in its every aspect of loveli-
ness, they may search over many a weary mile of distance
to find a j)arallel.

This view has been engraved in Bartlett's "American
Sceueiy," with descriptions by N. P. Willis (published in
London some twenty years ago). Vol. L, p. lio.

COITAGE KESLDENCES. 207

DESIGN XXIV.

A I^'icturesque Brich Cottage.

Tins design was made for a gentleman in Newburgli
last year, but ^vas not carried into execution, the owner
preferring to build of Avood instead of brick, and upon a
plan differing in many points from this.

The house was to have been placed between the public
I'oad and the river. Math the entrance front — that shown in
the picture — facing the west, while the living-rooms and
the veranda are on the opposite side, towards the water.

The front porch is large, and is raised Ijut one step
above the ground, and from it we enter the vestibule.
This is separated from the hall by an ornamental screen
of chestnut, having carved tracery between the posts, and
the floor is paved with encaustic tiles of ornamental
patterns, costing about Si. 50 per square foot. The main hall
measures twelve feet by twenty, and in it are tlie stairs to
the second story, which are thi'ee and a half feet wide and
of easy ascent. The library is on the right of the hall, and
measiu'es fifteen feet square, and opening out of it ])y
Avide sliding doors on the south side is a place marked
" Flower Alcove," -which is in fact a small consei'vatory,
having large windows occupying nearly the Avhole of the
sunny side. This alcove is fitted iq^ neatly with flower-
stands, and the doors connecting it with the library are
entirely of glass set in a light frame like French casement
windows, and are made to slide on Ijrass wa}'s into the
jiartition on either side.

Next to the libi'ary, oecu])ying the south-east corner of

208 rdlTAfJE KESIDEXCES.

the house, is the parlor, a pleasant room sixteen feet by
twent}-, opening upon the veranda on the east by French
casement windows, and having a bay Avindow projecting
from its south side. This room connects with the library
1>y folding doors, and Avith tlie hall liy a short passage,
as shown on the plan, — in which is a niche for a piece
of statuary. The dining-room is on the north-east corner,
and measures fifteen by nineteen feet. This room is octag-
onal in shape, and in the corners are small china-closets.
There are two French casement Avindows leading to the
eastern veranda. The butler's pantry, adjoining, has a
dumb-Avaiter rising fi-om a corresponding pantry beloAV,
and is fitted up Avith cupboards and a butler's pantry sink
supplied Avith hot and cold water. The stairs leading
doAvu to the kitchen are imder the principal flight. This
story is ten feet high, and all the rooms have neat cornices.
The finish is entirely of chestnut.

The basement is divided in the same manner as the prin-
cipal story, the partitions being all of brick, to afford a
strong support for those above. The kitchen is under the
dining-room, and, as 'the groimd slopes aAvay on that
corner, it is almost entirely out of the ground, having
three lar^e tAvelve-lisfht Avindo\vs on the north and east
sides. Under the parlor and lil:)rary are open cellars,
unfinished, but with cemented floors, white-washed walls,
and plastered ceilings. The kitchen, pantry, and basement
hall are all finished rooms.

In the second story (Fig. 128) are three pleasant cham-
bers measuring resj:)ectively fifteen by seventeen, fifteen b}-
tAventy, and fifteen by fifteen. They are Avell lighted and
have ample closet room. There is a serA^ants' room over the
vestibule, and a place for the storage of trunks, etc., above
it, in the u]iper part of the toAver.

-^

COTTAGE KESIDENCES.

209

The finisli of the interior is of the simplest character,
slightly stained and shellacked — -chestnut in the princi2)al
story and clear white pine elsewhere. The hall floors are
of southern j^ine in narrow strips, with a black-walnut

Fig. 138.

border twelve inches wide all around. In the rooms the
floors are of narrow white-pine floor-plank. The second
story is ten feet high, and the basement eight feet eight
inches in the clear.

There are open fireplaces in all the rooms, adapted for
burning coal in grates or -wood on the hearths, and pro-
vision is made for a portable furnace in the cellar, to take
the chill ofE from the halls and certain of the rooms.

The material of tlie house is brick trimmed with blue-
stone neatly dressed, the bricks for the outside facings
being selected for uniformity of tint and sharpness of
outline, and laid in dark-colored mortar. The roofs are
slated and surmounted by ornamental cresting of cast iron.

The estimated cost is §8,000.

•K--

21U COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

DESIGN XXV.
Tlie Brich Cottage of Judge Monell.

The lifHise is built of selected North Kiver brick, well
laid with white sand, relieved with Milwaiikie brick, of a
soft buff color, placed over the arch of the porch, door,
over the windows of the lower story, and as a moulding
around the summit of the ample clustered chimneys.

It stands in the centre of a field, facing the south, and
commanding a wide view of mountain, plain, forest, and
river for many miles. Yet, owdng to its broad, expanding
proportions, its deej) sheltering roof, with overhanging
hooded windows, it has not the bare, exposed appearance
that dwellings so prominently situated often have.

Its pretty terrace-garden on the river-side, entered from
the broad piazza, thirteen feet wide, and connected by that
with the parlor and library of the bouse, gives an air of
cheei-fulness and brilliancy in summer, with its flower-beds,
balustrade, and vases glittering with blossoms and gay-
colored leaves.

On the east side this is balanced by a bay-window in the
dining-room, overlooking a shrubbery, and also by a small
terrace piazza with a balustrade, but -without a roof, on
the south-east, in front of the dining-room windows, afEord-
ing a pleasant shaded seat before the sun is low enough
in the west to jJlow the large veranda to be occupied.

After entering the porch, which pi'ojects some ten feet
from the house, we come upon a broad tiled hall, running
from south to north, from which open the doors of the
parlor and library on the west and the dining-room on the
east. Beyond the entrance of the latter rises the ample
staircase, with a landing from \\'hich there is a door opeu-

o

> V.

o ^

c •

o

•!«

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 211

iiig uj)ou a passage to the bath-room, linen-closet, and ser-
vants' bed-rooms, and from which a private staircase leads
to the kitchen, and another to the garret.

From the above landins; there is a window controllincr an
extensive northern view. And opposite to it you rise bj' a
few steps to a square hall, from which open the five bed-
rooms. From the lower hall and from under the staircase
is. a door leading to a passage which connects on the right
with the butler's pantry and dining-room, and on the left
with the kitchen, between which and the pantry is a small
convenient room for any domestic use.

The woodwork of the principal floor, and the mantels
tlirou2:hout the house, are of black walnut and chestnut.

The chimneys are in the centre of the house, so that no
part of the heat may be lost by outside exposui'e ; while
the central position of the furnace under the main hall
enables you to carry the warm air easily into the several
rooms of the house.

The bath-room is heated by a hot-air chamber attached
to the kitchen range.

The ceilino-s of the first floor are ten and a half feet
high, those of the second story nine feet.

There are open fireplaces thi-oughout tlie liouse, and
while the furnace gives heat enough for ordinaiy pTirposes,
the wood fire is used for extra warmth and ventilation,
added to its great comfort and beauty, as well as the at-
mosphere of health and well-being it always promotes.

The expression of the house is that of domestic comfort.
It is easy of access, has a sheltering porch, and is invitingl}^
connected with the terrace garden and piazzas, besides en-
joying the luxury of a southern and eastern exposure.
Tlie roof and chimneys are boldly treated, so as to indicate
the ])urposes for which they are adapted.

212

CO'lTAGE RESIDENCES.

Fig. 130.
A Gahden belongino to Design XXV.

nESIGN XXVI.
A KiVEK Cottage.

Fig. l;!3.

COTTAGE EESIDENCES.

213

DESIGN XXVL

A River Cottage.

This cottage, Fig. 132, designed by Mr. R. G. Hatfield,
Ai-chitect, of New York, is intended to be located upon a
sliai-p declivity, where a fine view, either upon a river or
extended valley, is to be had from the lower side.

-LIBRARY—
-14 + 16 -

-VERANDA —
— 8FI. WIDE —

-VERANDA —
— BFt.WlOE —

-PARLOR -
-16 + 22-

T- n n f

— DININC ROOM—
- 15 + 18 —

•••a..

-HALL- ll---

-15+16- f::

H^?

\m

— BUTLERS PANTRY.
- 10 + 16

□

Jg]

J I

a

Fig. 133.

214

COTTAGE KESIDEXCES.

It has, therefore, a road front and a river fi-ont, — the
former having the entrance porch extended out beyond the
line of the house, to answer the purpose of a porte-coch6re,
and the latter provided Avith an ani])le veranda, connected
with the lower lawn by a flight of steps.

On the principal story floor, Fig. 133, the entrance is on
the south side of the central gable into a large stairway
hall, 15 X 16 feet, from which doors open into all the
rooms. At the centre is the parlor, which extends out on
the river front, and by its end and side windows affords
a view either up, down, or across the water; the size of
this room is IG x 22 feet.

30

— SECOND STORY. —

20

D S

Fi-, l:;'

215*

COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.—

■THROUCH LlBRARr. -

\

r

-' ^1

-i -

1

1

a

t

1

■

H

—LAUNDRY.- 1 1

- LOBBY -■

■

-15+16.- ■

J^^^

■' '■■1

L J

-CgLLAR-
-13-6 ■> 15 6-

- KITCHEN. -
-14 G H7-6 -

rr.

jSTOFlE-|- I
J-ROOM-r

Fit.,.s. i:;,"i -..ud l:;f).

COTTAGE KESIDENCES. 215

The parlor opens at the left into the library, — Avhich is
14 X 16 feet, and has a bay window at the south end, — and
at the rijT^ht into the diuiu2;-room.

This room is 15 x 18 feet, and opens in front into a
pantry, 10 x 16 feet, containing a dumb-waiter descending
into the basement, a private stairs leading down to base-
ment and up to second stoiy, cupboards, shelves, etc.

All the windows opening on the rear veranda should
descend to the floor.

The second story or attic floor. Fig. 134, contains six
rooms. Over the parlor is the pi-incipal chamber, which
is 16 X 22 feet, and has three corner closets.

This opens into a small child's room on the left, which
is 7 X 9 feet. The three other small bedrooms are 8 x 14,
8'6"xl5, and 8'6"x 9 feet, respectively. The bath-room
is in the stairway -hall, and is 6 x 11 feet; it contains the
bath and water-closet.

The basement. Fig. 136, contains, on the right, the kitchen,
14' 6" X 17' 6', provided with pantiy, closet, and store-room
in front ; at the centre the laundry, with wash-trays, closet,
stove, etc. ; on the left the cellar for fuel, etc. ; and in
front a passage containing a water-closet, the furnace, etc.
Tliere are two extei'ior doors, one opening from the cellar
and one fi'om the kitchen, the latter enclosed in a lobby.

The side of the basement towards the river is entirely
above groimd, as shown by the section. Fig. 135. The
height of basement is 8 feet, of first story 10 feet, and of
attic 8^ feet in the clear when finished.

The walls of the basement, where against the ground,
should be l)uilt of stone, and the side where above ground,
towards the river, may be of brick. Above the basement
the buildinir is of wood, but should be filled in with brick
to the roof, as its j)osition is evidently one of great ex-

'^

210 COTTAGE EESIDENCKS.

posiire in winter, and it could scarcely l)e made comfort-
al)le Avitliout.

The detail of the finish, both on the exterior and in-
terior, is intended to be plain, leaving the good effect to
depend rather u])on good proportion than enibellishnient.

The cost would depend upon local advantages, and Avould
avei'age $5,000.

COTTAGE EESIDENCES. 217

DESIGN XXVII.

A Rural Church.

(See Frontispiece.)

We introduce here a design for a small and inexpensive
country church. The plans were made for a town in the
West, and the estimate upon them was §3,200, last year.
In this locality, the cost at the present time would be about
$3,500.

The main building measures 25 feet by 48, and has a
small recess at the eastern end for a sanctuary.

There is a tower at tlie south-west corner with a covered
porch at the front doors. The entry in this tower is 8 feet
square, and over it is a ringing-room, with the bell-deck
just above it. The entire height of the tower is 48 feet,
and on the peak is an ornamental finial of cast ii-on. The
height of the ridge-pole of the main building is 30 feet.
The building is of fi-ame, filled in with bricks, and boarded
and cla])boarded on the outside, except in the upper jjarts
of the gable ends, which are boarded up vertically and
battened with 3-inch battens.

The projections of the gable are finished with a simple
versje-board or false rafter 4 inches his^h. The roofs are
boarded and shingled with pine shingles, a part of Avhieh
are cut on the lower eds-es.

Fig. 139 is a sectional dramng, showing the general
appearance of the chancel end, together with the finish of
the roof and the framework ^vhich supports it. This
framework is all of pine, finished carefully, and left ex-
posed to view, the ceiling itself being of uarroAV jiine or

218

COITAGE RESUDEKCES.

cliestaut stufE nailed to tlie under sides of the common
I'afters, ftdlowlng the slant of the roof — so that tlie church
inside is about 28 feet higli in the centre. There are eight
ventilators on the roof, which can be opened or shut at will
by means of ropes from below. The ■windows are all
stained glass — a plain enamelled with a colored border, set
in lead quarries — and each one has a ventilator in the
lower section.

There is one aisle or passage down the middle, with a
row of seats each side (Fig. 139). The seats are designed

Fig. 139.

to hold 6 persons each, and thei'e are 27 in all, making the
capacity of the church aljout 162 people. The sides of the
church are ceiled up to the line of the window-sills with
narrow ceiling, and the space above that, to the spi'ing of
the roof, is lathed and plastered, and finished with a rough
sand finish (tliis rough surface being better for tinting than
the plain hard-finished wall).

The chancel is at the east end, raised three steps (or
twenty inches) above the floor of the nave, and it measures

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 219

about 14 feet square. A space is partitioned off l>y a
carved cliestnut screen on the north for a robing-rooni, and
on the south for a small liook-rooni. The robinij-room has
a separate entrance from the grounds. The altar is in the
eastern recess, the floor of which is 5 inches above the
chancel floor, and over it is a triple-light chancel window.
The sedilia and the bishop's cliaii- are at the sides, and the
altar-rail directly in front.

The lecturn and pulpit (marked L and P) are at the
sides of the chancel stejjs.

At the western end near the entrance is the font. The
interior woodwork, including all the furnitm-e, may be of
chestnut, simply oiled three or four times and well rubljod
— the expense of it being not much greater than that of
pine of a suitable quality for the purpose. The exterior
should be painted in two tints of a quiet gray color, the
trimmings being a trifle (and only a trifle) darker than
the main body of the building.

FUETHEE HINTS

GARDENS AND GROUNDS

COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

In many small cottage residences there is not I'ooni to
attempt miicli arrangement of grounds of any kind ; but
there may still be a strong taste for flowers and plants.
A little flower garden, or, at least, a parterre of flower
beds, may be laid out and managed by the mistress of the
cottage.

There are two very distinct ways of laying put even the
smallest flower garden. One is to make it consist solely
of flower beds and borders, with alleys or walks of gra\'el
between. The other is to have for the ground-work oi*
general surface of the flower garden, a smooth piece of
turf or lawn, and in this lawn to cut out such forms of
flower beds as may be adopted.

Each mode has some advantages. Almost any common
laborer can hoe, dig, and dress the first kind of flower
garden, —at least with some occasional superintendence and
assistance from the owner. The flower garden on turf
requires a neat and practised mower to keep it short, 1)y cut-
ting it at least once a fortnight ; for ujion the shortness
and closeness of the lawn the good efEect of the flower
garden largely depends.

090

CO'lTAGE RESIDENCES.

But as regaiils the relative l^eauty, tliere is, to oiir taste,
no comparison to be made between tlie two modes, espe-
cially in this climate. A flower garden composed only of
flower beds and walks, looks pretty well in the moist and
growing weather of the early season. But as soon as the
hot weather of the American summer commences it pre-
sents quite another appearance. Instead of rich foliage
and gay flowers, the eye reposes on Ijeds of earth, perhaps
only half covered with vegetation, and w^alks of giavel
tliat only reflect the glare and dryness of the parched, soil.

If we contrast sueli a flower sjarden with one in which
tlie beds are cut in the turf, how much will not the latter
gain by the comparison. The green, close turf is always
such a pleasant setting, because its color is so refreshing to
the eye, and because it shows off the colors of the flowers
in tlie beds by contrast to so much more advantage than
bare walks.

In modern flower gardens, especially those made upon
turf, it is the practice to choose, for the most part, low-
growing flowers — say not exceeding six inches or a foot in
height — and to plant these in masses, sometimes filling a
whole bed, or at others only part of a bed, with the same
flower. This produces a brilliancy of effect quite impossi-
ble in any other way ; and as the object in a flower garden
is gayety, this hedding or mamng of flowers is certainly the
most comj:)lete and beautiful mode of attaining it.

In order to add still more to the perfection of the mod-
ern flower garden, it is also the custom to reject all plants
that bloom but a short time, and thep. leave a blank space
in the garden ; and to choose those plants that bloom the
greater part, or a large portion, of the summer and au-
tumn. Certain annuals, like the Petunias, Portulacas,
etc., come imder this head, and by employing these, in con-

COn'AGE JiESlDENCES. 223

junction with certain dwarf and sliowy herbaceous plants,
like the Double "White Campanula ((7. j[>ev!iic)folla^ P^-)^
a constant succession of bloom may be kept up in the
masses all the summer season.

In all gardens where a gardener is employed the year
round, or Avhere a pit or green-house is at command, an-
other class of plants has of late years become very po])ular
for flower gardens. We mean exotics, that require t<j be
kept from frost in winter, but which grow and bloom from
May to November in the open flower garden. As exam-
ples of these, we need only mention the Verbenas and the
Scarlet Geraniums, plants which, in their many varieties,
their brilliant colors, and their power of withstanding beat
and dry weather, have done more to give an air of per-
petual beauty to our flower gardens than all otiier plants
together. [We would add the many beautiful varieties of
tricolors. — h. w. s.] As a few pots of cuttings of these,
planted in August, and kept through the Avinter in a
frame, a green-house, or even a warm room, will furnish a
whole garden with lieauty, hardly any one but those Avho
have the humblest gardens need be Avithout them.

!N ext to these, the greatest ornaments to the flower gar-
dens are the ever-blooming roses. AVe mean by this (Avhen
we speak for the Noi'thern States) those China roses
IvnoAATi under the name of Bourbon, Bengal, and Noisette
roses — since they Avill all thrive Avell in open beds, if very
slightly covered Avith straw or branches of eA^ergreens in
winter. Among those, the Bourbons are the hardiest and
the most beautiful.

For all the country south of the Potomac, in addition
to the foregoing eA^ei'-blooming roses, the Tea roses may be
added. As these are, in our estimation, the most lovely
and delicious flowers in the Avorld, and as they bloom, iu

224

COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

beds of liglit ridi loam, all tlie season, tliey afford, in lliclr
many shades and colors, tbe most aduural)le materials for
enriching tlie flower garden. To ])roduce tlie finest cfi'ect
"with them, small round heds — say three or four feet in di-
ameter, siirroimded. by tui'f — should be planted Avith roses
of a single color, such as one bed of white, anothei- of red,
a third of rose-color, etc. The branches should l)e pruned
and pegged down (i. e. fastened along the surface of the
ground by small forked pegs), so tliat the entire sui'face
<if the soil in the bed shall l)e covered \\\{\\ foliao;e and
bloom. In this way they will produce a far richer effect
than if left to grow in an upright aud loose manner.

It is not necessary that the soil for flower gardens should
l>e very lich — though a moderate annual dressing of well-
decomposed manure or poudrette is indispensalde ; Init it
is very important that the soil in the ])eds should Ije deep^
in oi'der that the plants in them may send their roots
downwards, out of the reach of the heat and droughts of
August. A rich soil may induce a rapid and luxuriant
gro-wth early in the season, but a soil two to three feet
deep in all parts will continue that growth and maintain a
fine verdiu'e thi'ough the whole of the summer and autumn.

The smallest flower gardens are
called parterres, and Fig. 140 may be
taken as an examjjle of the simplest
symmetrical arrangement in this way.
When a parterre is small, like tins,
and depends for its good effect very
much on the arrangement of the l>eds,
care should be taken not to destroy
this effect ]>y planting in the beds any flowers whose tall
growth might partially or wholly hide it. On the con-
ti'ary, sncli a little parterre should, if possilde, Ije planted

Fig. 140.

COTTAGE KESIDENCICS.

225

with the dwarfest flowers. We would therefore put into
the four outer beds forming the margin, verbenas — say
white verbenas in the first bed; pink verbenas in the
second ; purple verbenas in the third ; and scarlet in the
foui'th. In the centre of this parterre we would pLiee a
sun-dial, or a vase uj^on a pedestal. The twelve beds that
sxuTound this we would plant as follows: — Every alternate
bed we would devote to bulbs and annuals ; tliat is to say,
crocuses and hyacinths should be planted in them at pretty
good distances apart, and the spaces between these should
be filled every year with showy dwarf annuals, such as
Gillia tricolor, Portulacas, Sweet Alyssum, Colliusia l)i-
color, Eschseholtzia, etc. The bulbs would bloom and
give beauty to the parterre early in the spi-ing ; after
they had passed, the annuals would sujjply their place.
The remainino- six beds we would devote to that fine
dwarf scarlet geranium, the Tom Thumb, and the varie-
gated-leaved scarlet geranium, etc. The latter is not only
pretty in its l^loora, but a bed composed of its parti-coloi'ed
leaves is almost as handsome as one of flowers. Two beds
of the scarlet geranium, two of the variegated, and two
of the finest pui'ple j^etunla, would, with the border of
verbenas, make the parterre gay and bright the 'whole
summer throusrlj.

15

Fig. Ul.

220

CO'lTAGE KESIDENCES.

Fig. 141 is a ])i'ut(y aral)C!S(juc design for a parterre on a
lawn, by the late Mr. Loudon. The beds are grouped in
tlie turf so as to jiroduce a pleasing pattern, and there is a
■walk running around the whole, so that the spectator may
see the ])arterre, when the grass is wet with dew, without
being obliged to walk upon the damp lawn. Of course,
each bed here should be planted with a single kind of
flower, or, what is still better, with one kind of flower for
the bed, but a l)order or margin of ancjtlicr kind — when
the bed is wide enough to permit it. [A charming garden
is composed entirely of the new variegated leaf geraniums
in stripes or ribbons. — ir. w. s.] When the beds on oppo-
site sides of the figure corresjiond in shape, they also pro-
duce a better effect when the same colors are introduced
into such opposite beds — and even the same plants.

Fig. 142.

COTTAGE KESIDENCES.

[Fig. 143.1

COTTAGE KESIDEKCES. 22 <

Another very tasteful design for a small flower garden
is shown at Fig. 142. This consists of 8 arabesque beds, b,
cut in the turf, a, and surrounding a ninth circular bed, c,
in the midst of which is a vase or a fountain.

Tliis garden would have a very satisfactory appearance
if it were planted as follows : — The four larger beds at tlie
corners to be filled Avith ever-blooming roses — one bed en-
tirely with pure white roses, such as the White Dailv,
White Madame Desprez, Aim^e Vibert, etc. ; another with
deep crimson roses, such as Cramoisie SnpcJi-ieure, Cornice
de Seine et Marne, Paul Joseph, Queen of Lombardy, etc. ;
a third with rose-colored varieties, such as Hermosa, Pink
Madame Desprez, Bouquet de Flore, etc. ; and the fourth
with creamy, fawn, and shaded roses, such as Madame
Bosanquet, Saffrano, Jauue Desprez, Queen, and Souvenir
de Malmaison. By keeping each color distinct, we get a
marked and striking eJSect, entirely unattainable by mixing
all colors together ; and by using only ever-blooming roses,
the beds are ahvays in an ornamental condition. The four
smaller intermediate beds may very properly be filled witli
vei'benas, or scarlet geraniums, or any other dwarf and
showy flowers.

A flower garden which has been much admired is one
near Vienna, in the grounds of Baron Hiigel, a distinguislied
amateur. Tlie plan is sho-mi in Fig. 143. In this flower
garden the beds are in turf — -and the general style is mixed
— partly arabesque and partly geometric. The central
beds, /, m, n, o,p, are, perhaps, faulty in taste, on account
of their unmeaningly jagged outlines, out of keeping with
the rest of the design, and inelegant in themselves. Filled
with masses of gay floAvers, well contrasted, no doubt the
effect is better in reality than upon paper. The prettiest
and most novel featiu'e in the plan is the miming giiilloche

228 COTTAGE RESIDENCKS.

pattern of the hexls wliicli form tlic bouudary. These beds
are very carefully jjlaiited ^\'ith low-growing flowers, of
such sorts as bloom very freely and constantly, and do not
grow high enough to obscure the pattern, for everything
depends upon this. In order to make this guilloche bed
as brilliant as possible, the centre circle, c, of each bed is
planted with some brilliant color, alternating with white :
— for example, supposing the centre, c, to be white, then
the next centre would be dark red, the next white, the next
blue, the next white, the next yellow, the next white, scar-
hit, ^vhite, pm-jile, white, and so on, repeating the primary
colors all round the figure. The interlacing beds, d, may
be planted upon the same principle, but omitting white,
and the effect will be best if the contrastius; or com-
])lementary colors, such as yellow and purple, blue and
white, etc., are placed near each other.

The two centres, i, i, are occupied by handsome vases.
Such a garden as this ought always, as in the case of Baron
Iliigers, to form a scene by itself, by being shut out fi'om
all other objects by a belt of shrubbery or trees, at least
on three sides.

Fig. 144 is a plan for a geometrical flower garden with
curved lines, which would answer remarkably well for a
situation near a fine villa, Avhen it is desirable to give the
flower garden something of an architectiu'al charactei'. If
we suppose a to be the terrace directly ai'ound the house,
from which a flight of steps descend to the level of the
flower garden, then the walks of the flower garden com-
mence at B. In a situation whei'e water is abundant, the
dark figure in the centre and the four dark squares marked
E might be handsome fountains ; the four smaller squares,
marked f, might be vases or pedestals ; or, if water is not
at command, then the larger spaces might be occupied by

COTTAGE EESIDENCES.

229

statues and the smaller ones by vases, or even large orange
trees in tubs. The whole surface of the beds, r», might be
filled "wath low flowers in masses — or the garden might be
a mixed flower garden, so arranged that the taller plants,

Fig. 144.

like dahlias, fill the centre of the beds, and so gradually
lessening in size, till verbenas, and otlier plants only two
or three inches high, occupy the space next the walk.

It is sometimes desirable, in a residence of a particular
character, that the style of art adopted should be carried

230

COTTAGE KKSLDENCES.

out very niliuitclv in the suiToiiiulIui's. Tlio tlovver irur-
dell, t'.s])ecia]]y, may pai'take of tliis character in some
cases, and particularly in the Italian and the Elizabethan
or Renaissance style. In this latter style the garden was
always formal and geometric, and was generally placed
close to one side of the house, usually under the drawing-
room windows. Fig. 145 is an example of an Elizabethan

tio\ver garden, -which we give for the sake of variety. This
gai'deu is supposed to be siu-rounded by a parapet walk, g,
"which has piers at regular distances, surmounted by
vases ; at each of the flights of steps there are two statues,

COTTAGE KESIDENOES. 231

one on eacli side of the entrance at tlie upper steps, and a
vase at each of the lower steps." * A clipped hedge of yew,
or holly, or hemlock, would be equally characteristic and
less expensive. The centre is intended to be occupied by
a fountain and a basin of water, and the iowc cii'cles, e, by
vases or statues. This garden would undoubtedly have
the best effect if treated as a parterre, and wholly planted
Avith masses of low-e;rowinof flowers — a sinijle sort and
color in each bed. In this way it would, if well grown,
have the same pretty effect as a handsome and gay carpet.
In order to give the richest effec\ however, the colors
ought to be harmonized and balanced : they may be har-
monized by placing the beds of those colors next each
other which agree, and balanced by making the cor-
responding figure or bed of the pattern on one side balance
the same figure or bed on the other. To assist the novice,
we give the follomng list for the beds on one side, premis-
ing that the other side should be exactly the same : —

1.

o.

Blue.

Salvia patens.

13.

Orange.

Eschscholtzia crocea.

Yellow.

Esclischoltzia califomica

14.

Lilac.

Hebe petunia.

Blue.

Campanula carpatica.

15.

White.

Wliite verbena.

White.

Alyssum maritimum.

16.

White.

WMte petunia.

Blue.

Lobelia gracilis.

17.

White.

White petunia.

Yellow.

Calceolaria rugosa.

18.

Lilac.

Eclipse petunia.

Blue.

Gillia bicolor.

20.

Scarlet.

Tom Thumb geranium.

Wliite.

White verbena.

21.

Orange.

Tropeolum minus fl. pleno

Purple.

Purple verbena.

22.

Orange.

Eschscholtzia crocea.

Yelloio.

Portulaca thorbumii.

23.

Yellow.

(Enothera macrocarpa.

Scarlet

Defiance verbena.

24.

Purple.

Prince of Wales petunia.

Orange

. Escbseholtzia crocea.

25.

Wliite.

Achillea ptai-mica, pL

Another accompaniment to the antique style of resi-
dence is the labyrintli.^ of which Fig. 146 may serve as an
example. The amusement and interest in a labyrinth

* Loudon's Gardener's Magazine.

2.'52

COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

grows out of its being planted densely with shrubs and
e\'ergreeus, so as to shut out one walk entii'ely fi'om an-
other. The visitor enters at a, pursues his way onward,

Fig. 14(;.

!'■? stopped by the sudden termination of the walk, starts
again with little better success, or, perhaps, only to reach
the centre, b, where a large aloe or a rustic covered seat
meets his eye ; here he may rest awliile, or continue his
■walk, as miu-li at a loss to find his \vay out as before ; and a
stranger may spend an horn- or more in this way, in a state
of "pleasant vexation." A labyrinth is, however, it must
be confessed, the most interesting to the childi-en of the
family, who are never weaiy of this part of the grounds,
preferring it to all the rest for daily amusement. The
Arbor Vitie, Privet, Buckthorn, and Tartarian Bush Honey-
suckles, are the best shrubs for the thickets of a labyrinth.
They should be cut-hach at first, so as to render them thick
and bushy at the bottom, like a hedge, and also sufficiently
to])ped now and then to make them preserve this habit.

COTTAGE RESIDEXCE3. 233

A plan like Fig. 140, planted tliickly with shrubs, so ar-
ranged as to form masses of verdure, highest in the middle
of the bed, and gradually lessening to the fi'ont, would
make a very interesting shriihhery for a special scene in a
country place. Or it might be planted wholly with ever-
greens of moderate size, and thus make a jjleasant winter
garden on a small scale.

In presenting all these various modes of arranging
flower gardens, we must be allowed to say tliat the modern
taste of .discarding any set flower garden, and, instead of it,
arranging the beds of choice perpetual l^looming plants in
and around a small lawn, in graceful and harmonious
forms, is by far the most satisfactory in the majoiity of
cases. It is especially so in all small places, where the
ornamental grounds are too limited to allow of separate
scenes. In such cases, the groujaing of beds of flowei's
round a lawn, having only one or two colors in a bed,
heightens the beauty of the lawn itself, while the flowers
are enjoyed, perhaps, more than in any other way. Fig.
147 is a design of our own of this kind, which has been
cai'ried out and found extremely pretty and satisfactory.
In this, A is the dwelling-house ; b, the conservator}^ (a
detached building on one side of the lawn) ; c, the lawn ;
D, flower beds; e, vase, fountain, sun-dial, or rustic basket
filled with flowei's. Eound the whole runs a boundary
belt, F, of trees and shriibs — shutting out all that portion
of the grounds not strictly ornamental. \n practice, it is
found that small circular beds, about 3 feet in diameter,
grouped in twos and threes (like those on the left of d),
are more convenient and effective than the irrefjular beds ;
partly because a three-feet circle is large enough for a
mass of a single color in a small garden, and partly be-
cause a cii-cular bed, like a tree, always looks well either

2:54

COTTAGK RESIDENCES.

alone, or grouped with otluu- circles. It is also a(la2:)tc(l to
any position, which an irregular l)ed is not.

In order to give the lawn, c, a more picturesque charac-
ter, we have introduced a few single specimens of trees,
such as grow Into l)eai:tlful forms when standing alone.

We may mention, as peculiarly adapted to such sites, the
Chinese Magnolias {3f. conspiciia and 3£ soulanffiana),
very hardy and beautiful ; the Weeping Ash, Weeping
Beecli, Purple Beech, and Wee2:)ing Silver Lime, all strik-
ing in habit and foliage ; the Ash-leaved Maple or Negun-
do, for its lively green foliage; the Virgilia, of Kentucky,

COTTAGE KESIDENCES.

9.1.'

oi)

^\•itll PBOwy white blossoms ; tlie Virginia Fringe tree, etc.
As evergreens, to plant there singly, we may enumerate the
Deorlar Cedar, tlie Norway Spruce, the Ilimmalaya Spmce,
the Irish Yew and the Silver Fir. A lawn and flower gar-

Fig. 140.

Fig us.

2uG COTTAGE RESIDENCES. *

den combiued and planted iu tliis way, would have a taste-
ful and beautiful effect in any situation, or in connection
with a residence in any style.

To \v'aive the subject of flower gardens, and consider
again the whole grounds of the residence, let us examine
for a moment some clever plans for cottage and suburban
residences by French landscape gardeners.

Figs. 148 and 149 are examples of the mode of laying
out two small places, where the boundaries are very irregu-
lar. In Fig. 148, A is the entrance gate; b, the house; c,
the stable ; '"' d, the lawn. At the further end of the lawn is
a semicircular pai'terre, l^acked by vases of terra-cotta, filled
with scarlet geraniums, lobelia gracilis and other delicate
climbers Behind this is a semicii'cular arbor, f, covered
Avitli vines, and affording a shady walk.

In Fig. 149, which contains half an acre, a is the dwell-
ing, directly on the right of which is a fanciful flower l:)ed
or parterre. This is l:)acked by a thicket of shrubbery,
throu2;h which a walk leads to the tool-house or shed in
the corner, b, with ground for compost, etc. The lawn, e,
extends upon the other side of the liouse. At its further
extremity is a pigeon-house or aviary (or, still l)etter, a
summer-house), c, surrounded by vases of flowers, r. At
D is an alcove for seats, surrounded by thick shrubbery.

In 2)lacing two sulmrbau cottages near each othei', the
lots of ground upon Avhich they stand may sometimes,
when the houses belong to intimate friends, be thrown into
one, and laid out so as to add to the general effect, and
give more space for air and exercise. Fig. 150 is an exam-
ple of this mode of arrangement, in which a and b are the
two houses, behind -which are the two lawns, c and d, each

* Quite too near the house.

COTTAGE liESIDENCES.

237

Ijordered Avitli slu'ubbeiy, prettily grouped. A light iron
fence, of trellis pattern, miglit be run through the middle
bed of shrubbery, on the division line between the two
lots, with light iron gates, where the two walks cross it.
This would be so inconspicuous, if painted dark green, as
not to look like a barrier; and as the gates could be
locked when occasion required, the two places might be
used either separately or singly, as might be most agree-
able to the proprietoi's.

Fig. 150.

A tasteful jar dm paysager^ of an acre, which may be
taken as one of the best examples of the modern style of
laying out grounds in Germany, is shown in Fig. 151. In
this, A is the dwelling-house ; b, the main walk or prome-
nade; G, the lawn, bordered with groups and masses of
shi'ubs and trees, planted in turf. At the further extremity
of the grounds is an elegant circular temple or summer-
house, D, in the classical style, surrounded by a series of
vases, or pedestals, c, and backed 1)y a thick plantation of
evergreens and deciduous trees. A handsome statue is
])laced in the open space at e, and at r is a rustic open
summer-house, built of branches, with the bark on, in
which, and u])()n the grass around it, tlie family take tea

238

COTTAGE EESIDENCES.

out of doors in summer afternoons, in that agreeable, easy,
social manner so common in Germany.

Fiff 151,

A common fault in all the continental grounds, wliicli
may be noticed in the foregoing examples, is the unartistic
manner in which the walks are arranged, by -whicli they
are not kej^t of any uniform Avidth, but run into great
open spaces of gravel round the house and in various other
parts, where several walks meet, as in Fig. 149. This has
a ])ad effect in itself, and is a waste of valuable space, that
would appear far better if covered with green turf. Ihere
is, too, in most of the French plans, a lack of necessary at-
tention to utilit}^ and convenience, especially as regards the
kitchen offices, etc. In these respects, as in many others.

CO'lTAGE KESIDENCES.

239

tlie English plans for smaller places are models — shomng
Low tlie most may be made of the least piece of ground.

Fig. 153.

Fig. 152 is an example of this kind. In this, c is the
house, placed back far enough from the public road to
give it some privacj^j and having a double entx'ance, a, b.
Behind the house is a spacious kitchen yard, h, where all
the outbuildings are entirely shut out fi-om view, while
they are placed in the most convenient position — being
entirely masked from the front by a conservatory and
summer-house, which forms the right ■wing of the house —
while on the rear of the outbuildings a thick belt of trees
and shrubbery effects the same object. The ground- work
of the whole is a lawn, e, nicely kept, of which the back-
ground is an irregular belt of trees and shrubs, nicely
grouped, and the fore-ground beds of flo^vers, in arabesque
patterns, cut in the turf. Neat kitchen and fi'uit gardens,
F, F, are laid out in the rear, which are s.o arranged as to
give all the convenience without marring the beauty of
the scene ; and a T)ack entrance allows access to the
kitchen yard, outbnildings, kitchen garden, etc., without

240

COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

heing seen from the more elegant parts of the grounds.
'J'liere is a great deal more merit in sncli a plan as this
than in Fig. 148, althongli the latter may appear more
prettily on paper, — because the former combines beauty
with the greater utility, — so that the possessor of such a
place gets his every day satisfaction from each separate
source \vithout feeling it to be at the expense of the otlier

^-^ =

r = i^

H-^^^

= =^

PiXC

M:-

m

V^i"

Wf

fA-;^

liin

= ~ = r

wa

ff^

^w^

llr^

Fig. 153.

A plan of our own for a jjleasant subui'bau residence,
whicli is thought to have a good eifect, is shown in Fig.

^ —

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 241

1 53. In this, a is tlie dwelling, b the carriage entrance, d
the stal>le. The lawn, surrouniled with beds or masses of
flowers, is designated at G, and around it is grouped a
choice collection of the most ornamental trees and shrubs,
forming shad)^ Avalks in some portions, and sunnj', open
ones in others. A circular parterre of show}- summer
flowers may be laid out at jr. The kitchen garden, f, is
arranged so as to be conveniently cultivated, and is jjlaced
near the stable, for the convenience of getting manure for
hot-beds, etc., while it is shut out fi-ora the ornamental
grounds by a belt of trees and shrubs. A fruit garden of
dwarf trees, i, is shown beyond, and something of an
ornamental character is given to an orchard at k, l)y
grouping the trees picturesquely, instead of planting them
in straight lines.

By studying carefully such plans as the foregoing,
almost any person who has a little talent in drawing may
be able to compose a design for a small place, that Avill
exhibit more or less taste, and combine with it the advau-
taijes of entire convenience and usefulness. The first
point, in the smallest place as well as the largest, is to get
as much expanse of green lawn as possible. After this,
to conceal the boundaries with trees and shrubs, so grouped
and arranged as not to form a stiff hedge or verdant wall,
but a pictui*esque, irregular, natural-looking boundary.
Care should be taken in planting, not to intercept any fine
views or vistas, but in such points (if any lioundary plan-
tation must be made) to compose it of shrubs or low-
growing trees. Shruljs, trees, and grass, with a few walks,
gi-acefully and naturally ciu'ved, are the materials with
Avhieh a pleasing little landscape may be created in any site,
■when the soil is such as to favor the growth of vegetation ;

and it will generally 1)6 found that the more simple aiid
IG

242 COTTAGE KESIDENCES.

natural tlie arraiii;emcut, the more lastini; Avill be the
pleasure derived from it. There is no error so frequently
committed as to suppose that beauty^ whether iu houses
or grounds, depends on variety and expense. Chasteness,
good proportions, agreeable and expressive arrangement
of simple forms, — these are the elements of the beautiful,
Avhich are always captivating to persons of pure and cor-
rect taste, whetlier that taste be natural and intuitive, or
whether it has been refined by the long familiarity -with
all tluit is most satisfactory in natiu-e or art.

DESIGN XXVIU.

ItAIJAX (JAlinKNS,

Figs. 104 and 155.

COTTAGE UESIDENCES. 243

SUGGESTIONS CONCERNING ITALIAN GARDENS.

BY IIENEr WINTHROP SARGENT, ESQ.

TirERE is hardly any improvement in the adormnent of
countiy places, within the last few years, more effective
than what are called in England "Italian gardens." So
universally popular is this new accession to a house of
any pretension, that there are more Italian gardens in
England than in Italy itself.

There is seldom a place, large or small, but what has
this new and very chaiming feature attached to one side
of it. And, in fact, tlie present fashion of ribbon gardens
seems peculiarly adapted to the long, stately teiTaces and
formal figures — parterres of embroideiy set in stone or
box and surmounted by balustrades and vases, somewhat
in the style of the annexed view of a small garden of this
description at Wodenethe, on the Hudson, as also at Judge
Monell's, in the same ueigborhood.

An English place, as a general rule, consists, first, of its
park, the outer ])ortion of which is often a rough forest or
chase, abounding in cover of furze thorn, ferns, laurel, and
the common sort of rhododendi'on, and filled witli game.
One passes from this to the Home or Deer parks, where
the picturesque beauty and wildness of the chase gives
place to stately groups and masses of trees, grand vistas,
and glades of soft verdant turf, kept short and fresli hj
horses and cattle, and deer and flocks of shee]i, feeding
up to the very entrance-gate. Of course there are not on
this side of the house any flowers or shrubs or ornamental

'J44 CO'lTAGE RESIDENCES.

plants; eveiytliiiig is quiet and simjile, and, in places of
any size, grand and stately. Should the house face the
east, there is usually on the north side a dense mass of ever-
green plantation, concealing the offices, stables, and stable-
yard (this last an important feature in England), and
se])arated from the park, which surrounds it, l)y a ha-ha, a
brick wall, or a \v\ve fence.

On the south and west sides extend the Italian gardens,
if possible in terraces, the west garden being two or three
feet louver or higher than the south, the whole suiTounded
1 ly a low brick or stone wall, surmounted by a heavy stone
balustrade, witli vases on the pilasters every fifteen or
twenty feet, filled with splendid specimens of Geraniums or
Luccas, and other formal plants. Around the outer por-
tion of the gardens runs a walk ten to twenty feet wide ;
and adjoining the balustrade, and immediately bordering it,
are long formal beds densely planted in ribbons, Centaurea
Candidissima, Mrs. Pollock Geranium, Silver Queen and
Tom Thumb Geranium, and Lobelia Paxtonii. The Lobe-
lia and Centaurea coming together form a beautiful con-
trast, the edging of these beds being white marble or stone
six inches high, and as ^vide.

From this outer gi'ade or platform you descend perhaps
three or four stone steps to the centre garden, which is
sunken to this extent, and this is entirely filled with charm-
ingly ari'anged patterns or figures of architectural designs,
sometimes in scrolls or arabesque foi'ms, in stone or marble
edgings, — precisely as we employ box in this countr}', — the
beds themselves forming a species of embroidery each
representing one color.

The broad straight walks are likewise bordered at Inter-
vals by tubs or square boxes, containing Irish Yews or
Junipei's and Portugal Laurels, cut into round-headed balls.

COITAGE KESIDENCKS. 24')

The whole of tliese gardens abouiul in fouutains, statues,
vases, and China seats; and being all iu immediate con-
nection with the house, from being on the same level as
the floor of the living-rooms, -with which they commiiiii-
cate by French windows opening to the ground, tlie effect
is most captivating.

In fact, the Italian garden is an outside drawing-room,
thoroughly isolated from the park, and generally four or
five feet above it, accessible only from the different i-ooms
of the house except through a gate from the park, whidi is
always kept locked. It is reserved entirely for the family
and their friends, and being always in evidence, is kept in
scrupulously nice order.

While there is something dreary and unsafe in Avindows
opening to a lawn exjiosed to cattle or intrusive strangers,
as we have them in this country, yon entirely lose this
feeling in England, from the fact, as I have said, of the
garden's being raised several feet above the rest of tlie
place, and, in addition, having a wall and balustrade, witli
pei'haps a ha-ha beyond, so as to render the garden inac-
cessible to outsiders.

From the Italian gai'deu you descend by a flight of
steps, through a locked gate, to the 2:)leasure grounds, —
Arl)oretiim, Finetam, Rosarium, kitchen garden, etc., — all
^eparated fi'om the park by the Itrick wall or ha-ha.

240 COTTAGE KKSIDENCES.

HERBACEOUS G A RDENS.

BY IIENKY WINTIIIMIP SARGENT, ESQ.

We have gone tlirough several gradations of gardfiiiiio-,
from the stately Italian school — with formal and aicliiti'c-
tural beds and bordei's — to the liigldy ornate and ehdioi-ate
designs and patterns of the " l)edding-out system," as it is
called — parterres of embroidery, each bed representing
a color and a series of beds of different colors, formins
designs, sci'olls and embroideries of the most complex,
dazzling and intricate styles, and certainly, when well
done and artistically ari-anged, quite captivating from its
veiy perfection, with the single di-a\vback of numotony,
having no variation during the summer months, and inevi-
tably destroyed Avitli the first frost, requiring the same
"woi'lv in striking and storing the plants, and in forming and
arranging the designs, year after year.

Thovigh this style has still many advocates, yet the tide
has commenced to turn and is slowly i-olling back to tlie
good old herbaceous borders of the past. Mr. Disraeli, in
his charming description of Corisande's garden, in Lotlutir,
has perhaps contributed to this change. I cannot illusti'ate
this garden better than by using the words of a late article
in Mr. Robinson's magazine describing this style of mixed
planting.

" Let us recall," he says, " the charming diversity of
color and of form which they, the annuals, })erennials and
bulbous plants of spring, present to oui' admiration. Of
form, from the tall Imperial Fritellaria, having the resem-
blance of crown and sceptre, also the jirostate Stone crop
cai'peting the ground beneath. Of coloi', what a range !
uhat a variety! — all colors, primary and intermediate,

COTTAGE EESIDENOES. 247

brilliant and soft, positive and neutral. Colors to har-
monize, colors to contrast, colors wliicli I like, colors
Arliich you like — all of tliem are liere. Does your eye
deliglit in the 2;low and brio;htness of the more vivid tints ?
Look at that Anemone — well named Fulgens — all afire in
crimson glory. Regard these Tulips ! General Garibaldi
in his scarlet uniform — or royally named and royally
apparelled ' Rex Rubrorum,' King of the Reds. Gaze upon
that Gentian (vernal), luminous, gleaming like the breast
of a humming-bird, with an intense and dazzling blue.
Watch that clump of yellow Crocus as they ope to receive
the kisses of the sun, and what is there in the stone or
summer garden, in Orchid, Allemanda or Calceolaria, whioli
can vie with it in its velvet sheen ?

" Or have you what is called a more quiet taste? Bend
over this bed of Myosotis Dissetifolia, bluer than the
Turquois — blue as the heavens ; or turn to that patch of
exquisite, dainty little Scilla, or to that sheet of roseate
Silene, blue Mountain Anemone, purple Pansy, pale
yellow Primrose, bright yellow Cheiranthus, lilac Aubretia,
or to those snow-white masses of Candy Tuft (Iberis Cor-
rcefolia, the fairest of the fair), of Alyssum, Arabis Saxi-
frage, Daisy, and Snowdrop.

"Now glance at that combination — at that bed of golden
Feverfew, dotted here and there with pm-ple Ci'ocus ; of
white Candy Tuft, from which, at intervals, the bright red
Hyacinths arise; or of Cerastium, with small circular
patches of scarlet Anemone, or Clieneden Pansy, or Erica
Carnea, with the golden Ai-abis intermixed ; or of Seduni
Acre Aureum, with \vhite and red Tulips, inserted a la
pincushion.

" What folia2;e so attractive in the summer 2:arden as that
of the gold-tipped Stone-crop (Sedum Acre Aureum) ; of

LMS

COTTAGE KESIDENCES.

the Daisy, wliicli lias leaflets of green and gold ; or of the
excpisite variegated Thyme? Is not the golden Feverfew
brightest in the spring ? Are not the variegated Arabis,
Eiionymous and Periwinkle, and the silvery Cerastiiim,
Centaurea, Graphalium, and Santolina most l)eautiful in
their early gi'owth ? And then, what fragrance from the
Violet and Primrose, Hyacinth and Wall Flower ! All
herbaceous jdants can be multiplied quicl-cly and will soon
cover the ground, having th(; additional advantage of
becoming stronger and more l)eautifnl every year, and do
not require annual renewing, like ribbon gardening."
With a view of assisting beginners, we add the folloAv-

mg names :-

FOR SPRING.

Alyssum saxitale. Adonis venialis. Anemone iiiiennina. Coroniiria unci
Sylveslris. Ambis alliiila. Aspenila ortorata. Aul)retias bulbocodium ver-
iinin. Wall-flowers, including clieiranthus. Marsliallii. Various kinds of
crocus. Lily of the valley. Decentra eximia and si)ectabilis. Erica carnea.
Erysimum ocliroleucum. Fioaria grandiflora. Hepaticas. Different kinds of
Iberis. Iiis nudicaulis. Premila and reticulata. Snowdrops. Litbospemum
prostratum. Myosatis di.ssitiflora and sylvatica. Orobus venius. Daffodils.
Phlox reptans and lubulata. Ranunculus monspcliacus. Montanus and the
double-blossomed Aconitifolius. Sweat rocket. Scilla siberica and bifolia.
Triteleda vmiflora. Tulips and Violets.

KOK SUJrMER.

Acanthus latifolius. Acliilhea upatoi'um. Ptai-niica jjleno. Millefolium
roseum. Aconitum japanienm and variegatuni. Alstroi3meria aurea. Anchusa
italica. Autorrhinums. Aquilcgia glandulosa, ca?i'ulea and tnincate. Aster
Pyrenaius. Baptcsia Australis. Betonica grandiflora. Double-blossomed Calys-
tegia putrcsccns. Campanulas of various kinds. Catananche cscrulea. Cen-
tranthus ruber. Coreopsis lanceolata and tenuifolia. Corydalis lutea.
Different kinds of Larkspurs. Dracocephalum ruyschianum. Dictamnus
fraxinella and albus. Erigeron |ieiljoldic. Gallcga officinalis. Gentiana ascle-
piadea. Geranium ibericiun and sanguineunj. Helianthus rigidus. Numerous
species and varieties of the Flag (Iris). Everlasting Peas. Lilies of various
kinds. Linaria dalmatiea. Lychnis chaleedoniea (vars.) and ^^caria plena.
Lythuni. Salicaria roseum. Lavatera ungueculata and thun'ngiaca, Lujjins

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 240

malva, alcca, and moschata. Monarcla didyma. ffinothera fruticosa. M;ero-
carpa riparia. Margineta speciosa. Platj'codon grandiflorutn. Plilomis rus-
selliana. Hcrba vente. Ilerbaceous and other Phloxes. Pyrcthum camcuin.
Eudbeckia speciosa. Salvia argenta spiioca. Aiuncus palmata and venusta.
Statice latifolia and tartarica. Symplivandra pcndula. Symphytem bolie-
niicum. Tiadcscantea Virginica and varieties. Trollius. Tropcolum poly-
phyllum. Veronicas and Verbascum chaisiL

FOK AXTTUMIir BLOOMnfO.

Acio autumnalis ; Hollyhocks ; Aconitum autumnale ; Anemone japonica and
varieties ; Arundo conspicua ; Asters ; Astilbe rivularis ; Chrysanthemums ;
Eupatorium purpureum ; Gaura lindhcimeri ; Jlerendera Ijulbccodiuni ; Platy-
codon autumnale ; Pyrethum serotiuum ; Polygonum cuspidatum and vaccuiif o-
lium; Sparaxis pulchenima; Stembergia lutea; Stevia purpurea; Tritoma
uvaria, and others.

The following perennial plants liave fragrant flowers :

Adenophora litiafolia ; Allium fragrans and odoi-um ; Asclc])ias coniuti ;
Speciosa Douglasi ; Calamintha glabella ; Clematis flaminula ; Crainbe cor-
difolia; Crinum capense; Daphne cneorum; Puicks; Dictanmus fraxinella;
FunMa Hiboldii ; several species of Iris Lavender ; Leucojum vemum ; dif-
ferent sorts of Lilies; Lupinus polyphyllus; Malva moschata; MirabUis
jalapa; Muscari moschatum; Narcissus major and jonquiUa ; Pancratium
maritum ; Tussilago fragrans ; Viola odorata ; WaU-flowers and mignonnette.

In the narrowest borders such things as House-leeks,
Stone-crops and Saxifrages Avould do \vell ; and among
them might be planted l)nll)ous jilauts, such as Crocus and
S.iuills.

1.

V

-+

ADDENDA.

JBidlding Coni/i'acts. The great disproportion frequently
occurring between the estimate or contract and the final
cost of a house, is a very constant source of disappoint-
ment and vexation to persons who engage for the fii'st time
in building. The cottage or villa is contracted to be built
by the mechanics at a fair, or even a low price, quite
satisfactory to the jiroprietor ; but when tlie Ijuildiug is
complete, the bills are often found to exceed the contract-
ing price by one-third or one-half the original sum.

This result will always, on experience, be found to arise
from two causes. The first of these is the want of a well-
digested and thoroughly satisfactory plan before the con-
tracts are made. A general idea of the arrangement, or a
mutual understanding to copy pretty nearly the house of
Mr. A. or B., in the neighborhood, is very often as definite a
shape as the matter assumes before the house is commenced.
While it is in progress, the subject opening on the mind of
the owner, new arrangements or altei'ations in the plan are
suggested : an additional room here, a closet or staircase
there, ^\'ould, it is discovered, add so greatly to the elegance
or convenience of the house, that they are of course at once
introduced. There are not wanting mechanics, who, find-
ing perhaps that they shall obtain but a moderate profit
on theii- original contracts, and being secure of the whole
work, charge at a greatly increased price for these addi-
tional items, knowing that no other builder can now be
brought into competition with thcni, to reduce the rate by
a lower estimate.

The second source of nudtiplied expense is the want of

L'.j2 cottage residences.

proper specifications^ when the biiildlug Is proposed to be
estimated upon. The specifications of a building to be
contracted for at a certain price are supposed to embrace
every portion of it, and every item of the expense. Now.
to draw up a full and complete list of specifications for a
house of considerable size, requires a very accui-ate know-
ledge of everything relating to l.)uilding — a knowledge that
neither the generality of proj)rietors nor many artisans
among us will generally be found to possess thoroughly.
Usually, these specifications for a country house are di'awn
up, at the suggestion of tlie proprietoi-, by one of the master
workmen, and include all the particulars that occiu" to him
or his employer. But in carrying them out, it is found that
so large a number of items have been overlooked, that tlie
hill of extras, at the close of the work, amounts to 20 or 30
jDer cent, on the whole estimate.

To obviate these evils it is evident that it is higlily
necessaiy to have perfectly satisfactory drawings, showing
every portion of the house necessary to a perfect under-
standing of all its parts before it is commenced or con
tracted for, in order that no material alteration need be
i)iade tvldle it is in progress; and also to procure fi'oni
some experienced and competent architect, or master-builder,
very complete and full specifications for the whole work.

We have in these remarks su2:)posed the contract mode
of building, because experience has led us to believe that
in most parts of the coimtry the work may be done in this
Avay in an equally excellent manner, and at a nuich lower
cost, than by the day's-work system. This is o'wing partly
to the fact that a great deal more judgment and proper
economy will always be exercised in the pui'chase of
materials, etc., by a master-builder for himself than for the
proprietor; and partly, also, that in all l)uildings there is a

-:-

ADDENDA. 2.J.''

ffi'eat deal of labor of seoondarv iiiiixJi'tance, wliicli mav be
performed at a cheap rate to tlie master-builder by Iii.s
apprentices, and wliicli would otherwise be paid for at the
journeyman's rate in the day's-work sj'stem. At tlie same
time the architect, owner, or superintendent of the woi-k
retain the power to inspect and reject all wo]-kmanshij> of
materials not of a proper and specified quality.

The most economical mode of l)uil(liii<:: in tlie United
States will therefore be found to be that of em2)loying
only the best master workman, building by contract, and
undertaking the work only when jirovided with complete
plans and specifications.

Employment of architects or professional men. — The
most mortifjdng feature, to a person of cultivated taste, in
the architecture of our country houses built within the last
ten years, is the fi'erpient violation of correct pro2)ortions,
of unity of decorations, and of approj^riateness of style, so
frequently seen, even in our finest residences. This arises
sometimes fi'om the indulgence of the fancy or caprice ol
the proprietor, and sometimes from the bad advice or ^vorse
plans of the country carpenter or mason in his emj)loy.
Although such buildings ]dease their owners at first,
yet with the dawnings of a more extensive knowledge, ol)-
tained either by the examination of really admirable
edifices, or by a greater familiarity with the subject, they
almost certainly regret, when it is too late, the erroi's they
have so hastily connuitted.

To those who are not thoroughly informed and compe-
tent themselves (a class yet very small in all countries),
we would strongly recommend the emjdoyment, in any
building of importance, of the best professional talent.
They may then feel assui-ed not only <if having a satisfac-
tory production, but one which, being correctly designed,

254 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

"will ratlier grow tbau lessen in their admiration, as tlieii"
loiowledge or taste for architectural l^eauty increases.

When we have really decided to build, the difference
between a common foi'm and an excellent one may at once
be secured in favor of the latter, by applying to an arclii-
tect of talent and exi3erience. The small addition (say two
and a half per cent.) which this will make to the Avdiole
cost of tlie building is certainly a consideration of trifling
consequence, when we reflect that in tlie design lies the
whole individuality of the building, whether it shall be
full of beauty, grace, or picturesqneness, or abound in
uncouthness, incongruity, and foolish conceits — a matter
of the more importance as it is to continue before our eyes
and become identified with ourselves, perhaps, for a life-
time ! Many persons within our knowledge have been de-
terred from ajiplying to a professional man for advice in
building a house, or laying out their grounds, from a mis-
taken idea of the enormous, charges to which they would
be sLibjected.

But this is a matter that is in reality greatly misunder-
stood. The established rate among architects of reputa-
tion on both sides of the Atlantic, for furnishing a complete
design, is 2i per cent, on the estimated cost (that is, §125
for a house to cost $5,000, and in the same proportion for
buildings of greater or less cost). Now, when a proprietor
of moderate means is about to spend $5,000, he says to
himself: — "I shall save §125 at least by planning for my-
self." This he accordingly does — but unless his house is
a fac-simile of his neighbor's, so that the builder has only
to copy what he has already done, the alterations and
additions the owner is oldiwd to make before he eets the
edifice comjJeted cost him double the architect's charge
for the design ; so that he is al:)solutely the loser, even in

ADDEXDA. 255

money, putting out of the question the superiority of that
]>laii which lias been carefully studied and composed by a
}nan of talent, taste, and experience, in a particular and
difficult branch of knowledge.

The same thing is ti-ue, in a larger sense, in the case of
l)uildings of greater extent, with regard to the superinten-
dence of a building while in progress. The usual charge
for superintendence made by architects, in addition to the
charge for the design, is also 2i per cent., making 5 per
cent, on the whole cost. This includes workincj drawin<£s
for eveiy pai't of the interior and exteiior, and a constant
supervision of the work in progress. Not only does this
insure a thorough and satisfactory execution of the plans
adopted, Avithout any personal annoyance to the proprietor,
but, in the case of all architects of standing, experience
proves that a building of any considerable cost can be far
more economically and substantially erected by an archi-
tect than by any proprietor not familiar by long practice
Avith ])uildin2:.

It is proper to state, that all architects make sketches
and studies for particular purposes at lower prices than
the rates we have stated. Every man may be his own
lawyer or his own architect, but he usually has to pay
much more dearly for the privilege, when he has any busi-
ness of importance in hand, than he supposes; and we
cannot counsel him to undertake the jierplexity and vexa-
tion that generally result from it, if he can find a profes-
sional man of integrity and ability to perform the task so
much more s:itIsfactorily for him.

256 COTTAGK liKSIDEXCKS,

EEMAEKS CONCERNING THE PROFESSIONAL
SERVICES OF ARCHITECTS.

BY THE EDITOK.

In order to more clearly make known to persons iiitci--
ested in tbe subject tLe customary charges for the
services of Ai-cbitects at the pi'eseut time, we give below
the substance of the schedule of charges adopted by the
American Institute of Architects in 1866, \vhich schedule
is followed by all Architects of reputation in this country
and in Europe, having been modelled upon that of the Royal
Institute of British Architects.

For full Professional Services, including a Gene-
ral Superintendence of tlie work, the charge is five per
CENT, upon the actual cost of tlie work, payable in instal-
ments as may be agreeable to both parties. AVe have usu-'
ally followed the custom of calling for a payment of one-
half the commission calculated upon the contract price at
the time of signing the contract, and sundry other pay-
ments on account while the work is in progress ; and then,
when the work is completed, the Ijalance remaining due
of five per cent, uj^on the actual cost of thcAvork including
that of the extras : for instance, if an architect superin-
tends the erection of a house, the contract price for which
is $10,000, then, at the time the contract is signed by the
owner and builder, the architect receives a payment of
$250.00, which is one-lialf of five per cent, on $10,000 ;
then, when the house is finished, if there have lieen extras
added, at the desire of the o\vnei-, so that tlie house has
cost $12,000, the architect's commission is calculated upon

ADDENDA. 257

§12,000, and tlie l)alauce due liiiii (if no intermediate
payments liave been made) is $350.00.

In buildings of greater cost a more exact system of pay-
ment is adopted; namely — 2^ per cent, on the contract
price upon the signing of the contract by the ])uilder and
owner ; 2h per cent, upon the amount of each payment
made to the builder ; and then, in case of extra work, five
per cent, upon the amount of all bills for extras as soon as
audited.

The charges for Partial Services are as follows : —

For Preliminary Sketches, one per cent.

For Preliminary Sketcues, General Di:.vwings and
Specifications, two and a half per cent.

For Preliminary Sketches, General Drawings.
Specifications and Detail Drawings, three and a
half per cent.

These charges (pro\'ided the further service of super-
intendence is not required) are based ujion the estimated
cost, and the jiayraeut thereof is due when the drawings
are completed ; as — for example — if an architect, after a
due amount of consultation with a client, makes studies
and sketches for a house, and gives an approximate estimate
of the cost of it, Avhich estimate we will say is 88,000, and
the client concludes not to build immediately — then the
architect's charge is $80.00, and is due hiiu when the said
sketches are finished. If, at the same time, the client
orders plans and specifications l)ased upon these sketches,
then the charo-e is $200.00, due also wlien fiuisliod.

If the sketches are made and paid for, and tlie ])]ans
and specifications are not ordered immediately — but at
a later jn'riod (within a reasoual)le limit of time) — tlieu
the sum paid for the sketches is considered a jKxrt of the
whole sum to be charged, and the deduction is made
17

258 corrAGE residkxcks.

accordingly — as it will be seen that tlie charge for each
class of service includes tbe chai-ges for all tliat pi'ecede it.

For designs for Fuiinituke or for Monujiextal or Deco-
rative AVoKK, special charges, in excess of the above, are
made for each particular case.

For buildings at a distance from the office of the archi-
tect, the actual travelling expenses are charged in additioM
to the percentage for superintendence.

With I'egard to superintendence, a word or two may not
be amiss here, as it is a subject which seems not to be
tlioroughly understood by the public generally. After
having made all the drawings and sj^ecifications necessary
to })ro2^erly construct the proposed building, the archi-
tect's fuither duty is to prepare the contract, setting forth
the conditions upon which the work is underttfken, the
cost, the time of completion, and the manner of making the
payments; to witness the signatures of the parties to the
contract ; to locate the proposed buildings, and to give the
necessaiy directions about preparing the site ; to give
advice to the owner upon all matters connected with the
work, and proper verbal and written instructions to the
builder aljout carrying out the design in difficult and
obscure parts ; to give the orders for the several payments
to the contractor, as fast as they shall become due; to
ad vise concerning, and to give the orders for, any alterations
that the owner may desire to have made in the works ; to
act as sole and supreme umpii'e in case of any diffei'ence
of opinion between the OAvner and contractor with regard
to the meaning and intent of the plans and specifications ;
and, finally, to exercise a general stipervision^ by means of
periodical visits to the works ^vhile they are in progi'ess,
the frequency of these visits depending upon the character
of the building and the distance which it may be from the

ADDENDA. 2D9

office of the arcliitect. Duriiig these visits the arcliitect
examines the work already com])leted, to see if it has been
done in a proper and satisfactory manner; and if, upon
such examination, it should appear to him that there is any
deficiency, by reason of iin])e]'fect materials or bad work,
then he has the riglit to oi-der such deficiency made good,
even if it should involve the taking down of wovk already
finished — and the loss occasioned thereby falls upon the
contractor.

The arcliitect's further duties consist In examiniii"- tlie
bills of extras, and arranging the final settlements between
the owner and the contractor.

In order more effectually to insure the faithful per-
formance of contracts, they have a custom in England of
employing, upon each work of any importance, a person
in the employ of the owner, called the " clerL of' (he
worhs,^^ u'ho gives his whole attention to the work \tpon
wliich he is engaged, receiving instructions from the
architect, and frequently reporting to him, and kee])ing a
constant supeidntendence upon all the different branches of
the work, to see that the requirements of the ])lans and
sj)ecifications are being fully carried out.

It is desiralde that this system should be adopted in this
country; and indeed, to some extent, it lias ])een done
upon large works, though not so genei'ally as we would
like to see, and very seldom in the erection of private
houses. We should consider it money well s])ent in any
case, though not absolutely necessary in small cottages.

But there is one point which should never be forgotten :
none but the most reliable and capable builders should be
employed upon any work ; for as it' is not to be supposed
that an architect can give his whole attention, or any con-
siderable part of it, to any one work, as his visits nuist be

i

•200 COTTAGE KKSIDKNCKS.

periodical, it may occur that duriug tlie intervals between
these visits a dishonest or a careless builder may put in
both inferior work and inferior materials, which, being im-
mediately covered up, it will be almost impossildeto detect.
^\n interval of a single day may enable a person so dis-
posed to put u]) work much at vni'iaiicc; with the "ti'ue
meaning and intent" of the ])lans and s|)ecifications.

Competent and reliable builders there are in abundance,
and they only should be intrusted with the carrying out
of any work, whether large or small ; they may possibly
require higher jn-ices, but it is only l)ecause they expect to
be fairly paid, and expect to do Avhat is right for their cm-
])loyer in return. The cheajjest is very seldom the best,
and it is far better to employ a first-rate man at a fair
])rice, than to agree to pay a tricky man tvv'o-thirds the pi"o-
per price, and then be obliged to watch him day after day
for fear he will take advantage wherever he can to make
him-elf Avhole in his shoi't Ijai'gaiu ; and this leads us to
strongly deprecate the custcmi of sul)mitting plans for
indiscriminate public competition among buildei's — a cus-
tom which places the good man on the level A\ith the bad,
and allows every advantage to the latter ; if this must be
done, then the proper course for the owner is to have it
undeistood beforehand that he does not liind himself to
accept the lowest, or any proposal that may be offered —
Avhich leaves him free to exercise his own discretion in the
matter, and to intrust the building of his house to Avhom-
ever he pleases.

B}- far the best thing to do, if a person wishes to have a
good house and the true value of his money, is something
like the following :

iVfter the plans and s])ec!ifications have l)een completed,
let them ])e given to, say, four builders, whose I'ejmtations

AUDKNDA. 261

are undoubted, and whose iiaincs are a guarantee that,
with the proper co-ojjeration of the architect, the work
will be good in every i-esj^ject. Give each of these parties
a proper length of time to estimate in, and in this case let
it be understood that the lowest l)idder receives the con-
tract. Appoint a time to receive the pi-oposals ; let them
l>e taken, sealed, to the office of the architect, and there
opened in tlie presence of the bidders, and tlie contract
given at once to him who is the lowest. After this let the
articles of agreement, already prepared by tlie architect,
be signed, and the work commenced, and in due time we
will guarantee that the owner will see the realization of
his \vishes, in the shape of a convenient, comfortaljle, and
satisfactorv home.

QL

Q

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